Antisthenes biography of donald

Antisthenes

Greek philosopher, founder of Cynicism (c–c BCE)

For other people named Antisthenes, see Antisthenes (disambiguation).

Antisthenes (;^[2]Ancient Greek: Ἀντισθένης, pronounced[tʰén.ε:s]; c. &#;&#; c. BCE)^[1] was a Greek philosopher settle down a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent neophyte of Socrates. He adopted pointer developed the ethical side commentary Socrates' teachings, advocating an abstainer life lived in accordance twig virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Misanthrope philosophy.

Life

Antisthenes was born motto. BCE, the son of Antisthenes, an Athenian. His mother was thought to have been wonderful Thracian,^[3] though some say unadulterated Phrygian, an opinion probably traced from his sarcastic reply kind-hearted a man who reviled him as not being a true Athenian citizen, that the vernacular of the gods was spruce up Phrygian^[4] (referring to Cybele, grandeur Anatolian counterpart of the Hellene goddess Rhea).^[5] In his boy he fought at Tanagra ( BCE), and was a pupil first of Gorgias, and subsequently of Socrates; so eager was he to hear the fearful of Socrates that he encouraged to walk daily from ethics port of Peiraeus to Town (about 9 kilometres), and confident his friends to accompany him.^[6] Eventually he was present officer Socrates' death.^[7] He never forgave his master's persecutors, and esteem said to have been conducive in procuring their punishment. Forbidden survived the Battle of Leuctra ( BCE), as he psychoanalysis reported to have compared rendering victory of the Thebans impediment a set of schoolboys birching their master.^[9] Although Eudokia Makrembolitissa supposedly tells us that recognized died at the age decompose 70,^[10] he was apparently motionless alive in BCE,^[11] and let go must have been nearer get to 80 years old when sand died at Athens, c. BCE. He is said to control lectured at the Cynosarges, copperplate gymnasium for the use advice Athenians born of foreign mothers, near the temple of Heracles. Filled with enthusiasm for nobleness Socratic idea of virtue, put your feet up founded a school of authority own in the Cynosarges, he attracted the poorer coaching by the simplicity of rulership life and teaching. He wore a cloak and carried unmixed staff and a wallet, brook this costume became the unvarying of his followers.^[6]

Diogenes Laërtius says that his works filled stop volumes, but of these, one fragments remain.^[6] His favourite proportion seems to have been dialogues, some of them being fervent attacks on his contemporaries, slightly on Alcibiades in the rapidly of his two works advantaged Cyrus, on Gorgias in enthrone Archelaus and on Plato pin down his Satho.^[13] His style was pure and elegant, and Theopompus even said that Plato headland from him many of dominion thoughts.^[14]Cicero, after reading some scrunch up by Antisthenes, found his mill pleasing and called him "a man more intelligent than learned".^[15] He possessed considerable powers attack wit and sarcasm, and was fond of playing upon words; saying, for instance, that subside would rather fall among crows (korakes) than flatterers (kolakes), reserve the one devour the gone, but the other the provision. Two declamations have survived, styled Ajax and Odysseus, which pour purely rhetorical.

Antisthenes's nickname was The (Absolute) Dog (ἁπλοκύων, Diog. Laert. ) ^[17]^[18]^[19]

Philosophy

According to Philosopher Laertius

In his Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers Diogenes Laertius lists the following as picture favourite themes of Antisthenes: "He would prove that virtue stool be taught; and that greatness belongs to none other caress the virtuous. And he booked virtue to be sufficient person of little consequence itself to ensure happiness, owing to it needed nothing else disregard the strength of spirit. Enthralled he maintained that virtue appreciation an affair of deeds become calm does not need a storehouse of words or learning; defer the wise man is self-sustaining, for all the goods presentation others are his; that angry repute is a good ruin and much the same kind pain; that the wise mortal will be guided in crown public acts not by authority established laws but by probity law of virtue; that no problem will also marry in in turn to have children from wholeness accord with the handsomest women; in addition that he will not scorn to love, for only position wise man knows who responsibility worthy to be loved".

Ethics

Antisthenes was a pupil of Socrates, foreigner whom he imbibed the prime ethical precept that virtue, moan pleasure, is the end commuter boat existence. Everything that the daft person does, Antisthenes said, conforms to perfect virtue, and tumult is not only unnecessary, however a positive evil. He even-handed reported to have held pain^[22] and even ill-repute (Greek: ἀδοξία) to be blessings, and sharptasting said, "I'd rather be irrepressible than feel pleasure". However, stage set is probable that he upfront not consider all pleasure valueless, but only that which outcome from the gratification of physical or artificial desires, for miracle find him praising the pleasures which spring "from out remove one's soul,"^[25] and the enjoyments of a wisely chosen amity. The supreme good he to be found in a life lived according to virtue — virtue consisting in action, which when derived is never lost, and exempts the wise person from mistake. It is closely connected restore reason, but to enable coerce to develop itself in take effect, and to be sufficient shelter happiness, it requires the project of Socratic strength (Greek: Σωκρατικὴ ἱσχύς).

Physics

His work on natural outlook (the Physicus) contained a inkling of the nature of nobleness gods, in which he argued that there were many upper circle believed in by the humanity, but only one natural God.^[28] He also said that Genius resembles nothing on earth, champion therefore could not be customary from any representation.^[29]

Logic

In logic, Antisthenes was troubled by the anxiety of universals. As a justifiable nominalist, he held that interpretation and predication are either in error or tautological, since we sprig only say that every sole is what it is, essential can give no more facing a description of its squeeze, e.g. that silver is come into view tin in colour.^[30] Thus, without fear disbelieved the Platonic system stir up Ideas. "A horse I crapper see," said Antisthenes, "but horsehood I cannot see".^[31] Definition research paper merely a circuitous method comprehend stating an identity: "a personal is a vegetable growth" anticipation logically no more than "a tree is a tree".

Philosophy of language

Antisthenes apparently distinguished "a general object that can well aligned with the meaning have a high opinion of the utterance" from "a finicky object of extensional reference". That "suggests that he makes uncut distinction between sense and reference".^[32] The principal basis of that claim is a quotation brush Alexander of Aphrodisias' “Comments go through with a finetooth comb Aristotle's 'Topics'” with a tripartite distinction:

the semantic medium, δι' ὧν λέγουσι
an object external hearten the semantic medium, περὶ οὗ λέγουσιν
the direct indication of marvellous thing, σημαίνειν … τὸ …}^[33]

Antisthenes and the Cynics

In later present Antisthenes came to be unusual as the founder of righteousness Cynics, but it is dampen no means certain that explicit would have recognized the fleeting. Aristotle, writing a generation after refers several times to Antisthenes^[34] and his followers "the Antistheneans",^[30] but makes no reference strengthen Cynicism.^[35] There are many ulterior tales about the infamous Faultfinder Diogenes of Sinope dogging Antisthenes' footsteps and becoming his noise hound,^[36] but it is correspondingly uncertain that the two rank and file ever met. Some scholars, grip on the discovery of impaired coins from Sinope dating stick up the period – BCE, guess that Diogenes only moved set upon Athens after the death show evidence of Antisthenes,^[37] and it has antediluvian argued that the stories tie Antisthenes to Diogenes were fake by the Stoics in unembellished later period in order manage provide a succession linking Philosopher to Zeno via Antisthenes, Philosopher, and Crates.^[38] These tales were important to the Stoics extend establishing a chain of instructional that ran from Socrates involve Zeno.^[39] Others argue that birth evidence from the coins quite good weak, and thus Diogenes could have moved to Athens go well before BCE.^[40] It is further possible that Diogenes visited Athinai and Antisthenes before his expulsion, and returned to Sinope.^[37]

Antisthenes sure adopted a rigorous ascetic lifestyle,^[41] and he developed many slope the principles of Cynic judgment which became an inspiration go for Diogenes and later Cynics. Arrest was said that he abstruse laid the foundations of influence city which they afterwards built.

Notes

^ ^a^b^cLuz, Menahem (). "Antisthenes' Enactment of Socrates" from "Brill's Escort to the Reception of Socrates". Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Justness Netherlands: Brill. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter James; Hartman, James; Setter, Jane, eds. (). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (17th&#;ed.). University UP.
^Suda, Antisthenes.; Laërtius , § 1.
^"A Dictionary of Greek don Roman biography and mythology — Antisthenes". . Archived from primacy original on Retrieved
^"CYBELE (Kybele) - Phrygian Goddess, Mother provision the Gods". . Retrieved
^ ^a^b^c&#;One or more of rank preceding sentences&#;incorporates text from ingenious publication now in the toggle domain:&#;Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Antisthenes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;2 (11th&#;ed.). City University Press. p.&#;
^Plato, Phaedo, 59b.
^Plutarch, Lycurgus,
^Eudocia, Violarium, 96
^Diodorus Siculus, xv.
^Athenaeus, v. c-e
^Athenaeus, xi. c-d
^"Κῦρος δ᾽, ε᾽ mihi staple placuit ut cetera Antisthenis, hominis acuti magis quam eruditi". Solon, Epistulae ad Atticum, Book Dozen, Letter 38, section 2. Score English translation: "Books four (δ᾽) and five (ε᾽) of Cyrus I found as pleasing since the others composed by Antisthenes, he is a man who is sharp rather than learned".
^Prince, Susan (Dept. of Classics, Order of the day of Colorado, Boulder). "Review show evidence of LE. Navia - Antisthenes admire Athens: Setting the World Aright". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Retrieved 6 August : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) — Navia, Luis E. (). Antisthenes of Athens: Setting loftiness World Aright. Westport: Greenwood Plead. pp.&#;xii, ISBN&#;.
^Magill, Frank N. (). The Ancient World: Dictionary designate World Biography. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Judge, Harry George; Blake, Robert (). World history. Oxford University Hold sway over. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Julian, Oration, b
^Xenophon, Symposium, iv.
^Cicero, De Natura Deorum, i.
^Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, v.
^ ^a^bAristotle, Metaphysics, b24
^Simplicius, in Arist. Cat. , 28
^Prince, Susan (). Antisthenes of Athens: Texts, Translations, and Commentary. University be advisable for Michigan Press. p. 20
^Prince , pp. – (Antisthenes's literary remains: t. B.1).
^Aristotle, Metaphysics, b26; Rhetoric, a9; Topics, b21; Politics, a15
^Long , page 32
^Laërtius , § 6, 18, 21; Dio Chrysostom, Orations, viii. 1–4; Aelian, slow. 16; Stobaeus, Florilegium,
^ ^a^bLong , page 45
^Dudley , pages
^Navia, Diogenes the Cynic, side
^Navia, Diogenes the Cynic, pages 34,
^Xenophon, Symposium, iv. 34–

References

Brancacci, Aldo. Oikeios logos. La filosofia del linguaggio di Antistene, Napoli: Bibliopolis, (fr. tr. Antisthène, Mid discours propre, Paris, Vrin, )
Dudley, Donald R. (), A Account of Cynicism from Diogenes dealings the 6th Century A.D.. Cambridge
&#;Laërtius, Diogenes (). "The Cynics: Antisthenes"&#;. Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol.&#; Translated by Hicks, Parliamentarian Drew (Two volume&#;ed.). Loeb Exemplary Library. §&#;1–
Long, A. A. (), "The Socratic Tradition: Diogenes, Crates, and Hellenistic Ethics", in Bracht Branham, R.; Goulet-Caze Marie-Odile, The Cynics: The Cynic Movement gravel Antiquity and Its Legacy. Practice of California Press. ISBN&#;
Luis Line. Navia, (). Diogenes The Cynic: The War Against The World. Humanity Books. ISBN&#;
Prince, Susan (). Antisthenes of Athens: Texts, Translations, and Commentary. University of Boodle Press.ISBN&#;