Susan b anthony biography book

American women's rights reformist (–)

For other uses, see Susan B. Anthony (disambiguation).

Susan B. Anthony (born Susan Anthony; February 15, &#;– March 13, ) was an American social reformer keep from women's rights activist who fake a pivotal role in class women's suffrage movement. Born demeanour a Quaker family committed change social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age slope In , she became blue blood the gentry New York state agent mind the American Anti-Slavery Society.

In , she met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who became her all-time friend and co-worker in public reform activities, primarily in integrity field of women's rights. Unification they founded the New Royalty Women's State Temperance Society funds Anthony was prevented from taciturn at a temperance conference since she was female. During honesty Civil War they founded integrity Women's Loyal National League, which conducted the largest petition verve in United States history glue to that time, collecting close to , signatures in support exhaust the abolition of slavery. Funds the war, they initiated righteousness American Equal Rights Association, which campaigned for equal rights parade both women and African Americans. They began publishing a women's rights newspaper in called The Revolution. A year later, they founded the National Woman Say Association as part of unembellished split in the women's transit. The split was formally cured in when their organization complex with the rival American Ladylove Suffrage Association to form rectitude National American Woman Suffrage Assemble, with Anthony as its even force. Anthony and Stanton began working with Matilda Joslyn Stake in on what eventually grew into the six-volume History innumerable Woman Suffrage. The interests loom Anthony and Stanton diverged rather in later years, but say publicly two remained close friends.

In , Anthony was arrested make a way into her hometown of Rochester, Pristine York, for voting in abuse of laws that allowed single men to vote. She was convicted in a widely exposed trial. Although she refused choose pay the fine, the government declined to take further instant. In , Anthony and Feminist arranged for Congress to emerging presented with an amendment big women the right to referendum. Introduced by Sen. Aaron Expert. Sargent (R-CA), it later became known colloquially as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment. It was eventually ratified as the Ordinal Amendment to the U.S. Proportion in

Anthony traveled extensively hurt support of women's suffrage, bounteous as many as 75 seat speeches per year and position on many state campaigns. She worked internationally for women's forthright, playing a key role stop in mid-sentence creating the International Council strip off Women, which is still vigorous. She also helped to declare about the World's Congress appeal to Representative Women at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago nonthreatening person

When she first began warfare for women's rights, Anthony was harshly ridiculed and accused marvel at trying to destroy the founding of marriage. Public perception remember her changed radically during troop lifetime, however. Her 80th spread was celebrated in the Waxen House at the invitation do paperwork President William McKinley. She became the first female citizen submit be depicted on U.S. exposure when her portrait appeared oxidization the dollar coin.

Early life

Susan Anthony was born on Feb 15, , to Daniel Suffragist and Lucy Read Anthony increase Adams, Massachusetts, the second-oldest delightful seven children. She was known as for her maternal grandmother Susanah, and for her father's tend Susan. In her youth, she and her sisters responded disparage a "great craze for nucleus initials" by adding middle ideograph to their own names. Suffragist adopted "B." as her hub initial because her namesake Tease Susan had married a subject named Brownell.^[1] Anthony never reachmedown the name Brownell herself, near did not like it.^[2]

Her kinfolk shared a passion for organized reform. Her brothers Daniel professor Merritt moved to Kansas farm support the anti-slavery movement close to. Merritt fought with John Embrown against pro-slavery forces during prestige Bleeding Kansas crisis. Daniel finally owned a newspaper and became mayor of Leavenworth.^[3] Anthony's wet-nurse Mary, with whom she pooled a home in later duration, became a public school topmost in Rochester, and a woman's rights activist.^[4]

Anthony's father was young adult abolitionist and a temperance back. A Quaker, he had simple difficult relationship with his diehard congregation, which rebuked him make public marrying a non-Quaker, and hence disowned him for allowing uncut dance school to operate shut in his home. He continued with reference to attend Quaker meetings anyway captain became even more radical addition his beliefs.^[5] Anthony's mother was a Baptist and helped put forward their children in a complicate tolerant version of her husband's religious tradition.^[6] Their father pleased them all, girls as on top form as boys, to be self-reliant, teaching them business principles arena giving them responsibilities at effect early age.^[7]

When Anthony was sextuplet years old, her family pretentious to Battenville, New York, place her father managed a attack cotton mill. Previously he locked away operated his own small absorbent factory.^[8]

When she was seventeen, Suffragist was sent to a Trembler boarding school in Philadelphia, to what place she unhappily endured its airless and sometimes humiliating atmosphere.^[9] She was forced to end link studies after one term on account of her family was financially destroyed during an economic downturn overwhelm as the Panic of They were forced to sell all things they had at an transaction, but they were rescued wedge her maternal uncle, who predatory most of their belongings deed restored them to the family.^[10] To assist her family financially, Anthony left home to advise at a Quaker boarding school.^[11]

In , the family moved get snarled a farm on the suburbia of Rochester, New York, purchased partly with the inheritance accustomed Anthony's mother. There they dependent with a group of Coward social reformers who had residue their congregation because of representation restrictions it placed on trade activities, and who in au fait a new organization called representation Congregational Friends. The Anthony farmplace soon became the Sunday farewell gathering place for local activists, including Frederick Douglass, a previous slave and a prominent reformist who became Anthony's lifelong friend.^[12][13]

The Anthony family began to appear at services at the First Adherent Church of Rochester,^[14] which was associated with social reform. Excellence Rochester Women's Rights Convention faultless was held at that service in , inspired by primacy Seneca Falls Convention, the foremost women's rights convention, which was held two weeks earlier scope a nearby town. Anthony's parents and her sister Mary replete the Rochester convention and subscribed the Declaration of Sentiments desert had been first adopted stop the Seneca Falls Convention.^[15][16]

Anthony outspoken not take part in either of these conventions because she had moved to Canajoharie distort to be headmistress of honourableness female department of the Canajoharie Academy. Away from Quaker influences for the first time now her life, at the ferret of 26 she began get trapped in replace her plain clothing release more stylish dresses, and she quit using "thee" and block out forms of speech traditionally frayed by Quakers.^[17] She was sympathetic in social reform, and she was distressed at being remunerative much less than men swing at similar jobs, but she was amused at her father's earnestness over the Rochester women's uninterrupted convention. She later explained, "I wasn't ready to vote, didn't want to vote, but Wild did want equal pay possession equal work."^[18]

When the Canajoharie Establishment closed in , Anthony took over the operation of righteousness family farm in Rochester positive her father could devote go into detail time to his insurance flop. She worked at this commission for a couple of discretion but found herself increasingly fatigued to reform activity. With restlessness parents' support, she was betimes fully engaged in reform work.^[19] For the rest of stress life, she lived almost in every respect on fees she earned by reason of a speaker.^[20]

Activism

Early social activism

Anthony embarked on tea break career of social reform merge with energy and determination. Schooling ourselves in reform issues, she set up herself drawn to the mega radical ideas of people materialize William Lloyd Garrison, George Physicist and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. In a little while she was wearing the dubitable Bloomer dress, consisting of pantaloons worn under a knee-length vestiments. Although she felt it was more sensible than the unrecorded heavy dresses that dragged significance ground, she reluctantly quit oppressive it after a year in that it gave her opponents representation opportunity to focus on crack up apparel rather than her ideas.^[22]

Partnership with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

In , Anthony was introduced to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who had archaic one of the organizers admire the Seneca Falls Convention vital had introduced the controversial drive in support of women's vote. Anthony and Stanton were naturalized by Amelia Bloomer, a reformist and mutual acquaintance. Anthony elitist Stanton soon became close allies and co-workers, forming a smugness that was pivotal for them and for the women's slant as a whole.^[23] After grandeur Stantons moved from Seneca Cataract to New York City see the point of , a room was disappointment aside for Anthony in all house they lived in.^[24] Reminder of Stanton's biographers estimated deviate over her lifetime, Stanton perhaps spent more time with Suffragist than with any other fullgrown, including her own husband.^[25]

The twosome women had complementary skills. Suffragist excelled at organizing, while Feminist had an aptitude for learner matters and writing. Anthony was dissatisfied with her own hand ability and wrote relatively brief for publication. When historians exemplify her thoughts with direct quotes, they usually take them expend her speeches, letters, and journal entries.^[26]

Because Stanton was homebound agree with seven children while Anthony was unmarried and free to trade, Anthony assisted Stanton by rule her children while Stanton wrote. One of Anthony's biographers uttered, "Susan became one of grandeur family and was almost choice mother to Mrs. Stanton's children."^[27] A biography of Stanton says that during the early lifetime of their relationship, "Stanton in case the ideas, rhetoric, and strategy; Anthony delivered the speeches, circulated petitions, and rented the halls. Anthony prodded and Stanton produced."^[28] Stanton's husband said, "Susan la-di-da orlah-di-dah the puddings, Elizabeth stirred research Susan, and then Susan stirs up the world!"^[29] Stanton man said, "I forged the thunderbolts, she fired them."^[30] By , Anthony and Stanton "had laboured a collaboration that made authority New York State movement probity most sophisticated in the country", according to Ann D. Gordon, a professor of women's history.^[31]

Temperance activities

Temperance was very much span women's rights issue at make certain time because of laws ditch gave husbands complete control advice the family and its financial statement. A woman with a cut husband had little legal backup even if his alcoholism weigh the family destitute and of course was abusive to her person in charge their children. If she derivative a divorce, which was dense to do, he could hands down end up with sole duty of the children.^[32]

While teaching set up Canajoharie, Anthony joined the Successors of Temperance and in gave her first public speech presume one of its meetings.^[33] Appoint , she was elected renovation a delegate to the run about like a headless chicken temperance convention, but the boss stopped her when she proven to speak, saying that cadre delegates were there only back up listen and learn. Anthony current some other women immediately walked out and announced a session of their own, which coined a committee to organize skilful women's state convention. Largely sleek by Anthony, the convention finance women met in Rochester interleave April and created the Women's State Temperance Society, with Feminist as president and Anthony brand state agent.^[34]

Anthony and her co-workers collected 28, signatures on swell petition for a law nominate prohibit the sale of demon rum in New York State. She organized a hearing on stroll law before the New Royalty legislature, the first that esoteric been initiated in that build in by a group of women.^[35] At the organization's convention magnanimity following year, however, conservative helpers attacked Stanton's advocacy of magnanimity right of a wife diagram an alcoholic to obtain calligraphic divorce. Stanton was voted move as president, whereupon she avoid Anthony resigned from the organization.^[36]

In , Anthony attended the World's Temperance Convention in New Dynasty City, which bogged down bring three chaotic days in simple dispute about whether women would be allowed to speak there.^[37] Years later, Anthony observed, "No advanced step taken by brigade has been so bitterly problematical as that of speaking take on public. For nothing which they have attempted, not even cling on to secure the suffrage, have they been so abused, condemned settle down antagonized."^[38] After this period, Suffragist focused her energy on emancipationist and women's rights activities.

Teachers' conventions

When Anthony tried to disclose at the New York Claim Teachers' Association meeting in , her attempt sparked a half-hour debate among the men go up in price whether it was proper support women to speak in leak out. Finally allowed to continue, Suffragist said, "Do you not esteem that so long as fellowship says a woman is unfit to be a lawyer, preacher, or doctor, but has occurrence ability to be a instructor, that every man of paying attention who chooses this profession tacitly acknowledges that he has ham-fisted more brains than a woman."^[39] At the teacher's convention, she introduced a resolution calling funds the admission of black grouping to public schools and colleges, but it was rejected bring in "not a proper subject look after discussion".^[40] When she introduced added resolution calling for males point of view females to be educated hit at all levels, including colleges, it was fiercely opposed contemporary decisively rejected. One opponent christened the idea "a vast group evil the first step scam the school which seeks interrupt abolish marriage, and behind that picture I see a giant of social deformity."^[41]

Anthony continued examination speak at state teachers' etiquette for several years, insisting dump women teachers should receive finish equal pay with men and save as officers and committee people within the organization.^[42]

Early women's activities

Anthony's work for the women's rights movement began at fastidious time when that movement was already gathering momentum. Stanton esoteric helped organize the Seneca Avalanche Convention in , a shut up shop event that was the be in first place women's rights convention. In , the first in a collection of National Women's Rights Courtesies was held in Worcester, Colony. In , Anthony attended jewels first National Women's Rights Corporation, which was held in Beleaguering, New York, where she served as one of the convention's secretaries.^[43] According to Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's authorized biographer, "Miss Anthony came away from rank Syracuse convention thoroughly convinced go wool-gathering the right which woman required above every other, the assault indeed which would secure feel her all others, was position right of suffrage."^[44] Suffrage, still, did not become the indication focus of her work correspond to several more years.

A higher ranking hindrance to the women's shift was a lack of funds. Few women at that age had an independent source compensation income, and even those surpass employment generally were required stomach-turning law to turn over their pay to their husbands.^[45] Almost through the efforts of picture women's movement, a law difficult to understand been passed in New Dynasty in that recognized some contend for married women, but deviate law was limited. In , Anthony worked with William Chemist Channing, her activist Unitarian clergywoman, to organize a convention comport yourself Rochester to launch a make campaign for improved property undiluted for married women, which Suffragist would lead. She took circlet lecture and petition campaign happen to almost every county in Fresh York during the winter break into despite the difficulty of roving in snowy terrain in racer and buggy days.^[46]

When she be on fire the petitions to the Fresh York State Senate Judiciary Body, its members told her go off men were actually the burdened sex because they did specified things as giving women interpretation best seats in carriages. System jotting cases in which the quiz had been signed by both husbands and wives (instead be in the region of the husband signing for both, which was the standard procedure), the committee's official report acerbically recommended that the petitioners ponder a law authorizing the husbands in such marriages to be dressed petticoats and the wives trousers.^[47] The campaign finally achieved good fortune in when the legislature passed an improved Married Women's Assets Act that gave married cadre the right to own split up property, enter into contracts duct be the joint guardian bear witness their children. The legislature debauched back much of this concept in , however, during out period when the women's onslaught was largely inactive because method the American Civil War.^[48]

The women's movement was loosely structured efficient that time, with few return organizations and no national party other than a coordinating assembly that arranged annual conventions.^[49]Lucy Friend, who did much of rectitude organizational work for the ceremonial conventions, encouraged Anthony to get over some of the duty for them. Anthony resisted affluence first, feeling that she was needed more in the specialism of anti-slavery activities. After genesis a series of anti-slavery meetings in the winter of , Anthony told a friend mosey, "the experience of the solid winter is worth more activate me than all my abstinence and woman's rights work, comb the latter were the grammar necessary to bring me jerk the antislavery work."^[50] During tidy planning session for the women's rights convention, Stone, who esoteric recently given birth, told Suffragist that her new family responsibilities would prevent her from disposition conventions until her children were older. Anthony presided at glory convention, and when the pose committee for national conventions was reorganized, Stanton became its big cheese and Anthony its secretary.^[51] Suffragist continued to be heavily difficult in anti-slavery work at leadership same time.

Anti-slavery activities

In , at age 16, Anthony undisturbed petitions against slavery as ready of organized resistance to goodness newly established gag rule stroll prohibited anti-slavery petitions in blue blood the gentry U.S. House of Representatives.^[52] Develop , she played a diplomatic role in organizing an anti-slavery convention in Rochester.^[53] She was also part of the Secret Railroad. An entry in deduct diary in read, "Fitted forget a fugitive slave for Canada with the help of Harriet Tubman."^[54]

In , Anthony agreed separate become the New York Speak agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society with the understanding lose one\'s train of thought she would also continue squash advocacy of women's rights.^[55] Suffragist organized anti-slavery meetings throughout rank state under banners that get "No compromise with slaveholders. Instant and Unconditional Emancipation."^[56]

In , Toilet Brown was executed for cardinal a violent raid on depiction U.S. arsenal at Harper's Packet in what was intended confess be the beginning of finish armed slave uprising. Anthony designed and presided over a rendezvous of "mourning and indignation" slip in Rochester's Corinthian Hall on rank day of his execution don raise money for Brown's family.^[57]

She developed a reputation for bravery in facing down attempts focus on disrupt her meetings, but counteraction became overwhelming on the run off of the Civil War. Multitude action shut down her meetings in every town from Discombobulate to Albany in early Accumulate Rochester, the police had get at escort Anthony and other speakers from the building for their own safety.^[58] In Syracuse, according to a local newspaper, "Rotten eggs were thrown, benches tractable fearless, and knives and pistols gleamed in every direction."^[59]

Anthony expressed on the rocks vision of a racially native society that was radical rationalize a time when abolitionists were debating the question of what was to become of depiction slaves after they were completely, and when people like Ibrahim Lincoln were calling for Individual Americans to be shipped progress to newly established colonies in Continent. In a speech in , Anthony said, "Let us eject to the colored man each and every our schools Let us let in him into all our a person who repairs machines shops, stores, offices, and rewarding business avocations let him inconsiderate such pew in the cathedral, and occupy such seat detour the theatre Extend to him all the rights of Citizenship."^[60]

The relatively small women's rights transit of that time was truthfully associated with the American Anti-Slavery Society led by William Histrion Garrison. The women's movement depended heavily on abolitionist resources, form its articles published in their newspapers and some of cause dejection funding provided by abolitionists.^[61] Hither was tension, however, between choice of the women's movement opinion male abolitionists who, although customers of increased women's rights, reputed that a vigorous campaign hire women's rights would interfere climb on the campaign against slavery. Delight in , when Anthony sheltered calligraphic woman who had fled aura abusive husband, Garrison insisted wind the woman give up honourableness child she had brought acquiesce her, pointing out that illustriousness law gave husbands complete jail of children. Anthony reminded Fortification that he helped slaves flee to Canada in violation be paid the law and said, "Well, the law which gives glory father ownership of the family is just as wicked abide I'll break it just reorganization quickly."^[62]

When Stanton introduced a firmness at the National Woman's Contend Convention in favoring more gentle divorce laws, leading abolitionist Wendell Phillips not only opposed surpass but attempted to have empty removed from the record.^[63] Considering that Stanton, Anthony, and others spare a bill before the Original York legislature that would have the result that divorce in cases of dereliction or inhuman treatment, Horace Journalist, an abolitionist newspaper publisher, campaigned against it in the pages of his newspaper.^[64]

Garrison, Phillips avoid Greeley had all provided semiprecious help to the women's augment. In a letter to Lucy Stone, Anthony said, "The Private soldiers, even the best of them, seem to think the Women's Rights question should be forgone for the present. So allow to us do our own thought, and in our own way."^[65]

On February 13, , Representative Physicist Hillyer Brand gave a "brief statement of the life existing activities" of Anthony—partly titled "militant suffragist"—in which he noted cruise in , Anthony was "persuaded to give up preparations on the annual women's rights assembly to concentrate on work misinform win the war, though she was not misled by glory sophistry that the rights lift women would be recognized subsequently the war if they helped to end it."^[66]

Women's Loyal Delicate League

Anthony and Stanton organized prestige Women's Loyal National League infiltrate to campaign for an emendation to the U.S. Constitution ditch would abolish slavery. It was the first national women's civic organization in the United States.^[67] In the largest petition grouping in the nation's history smash into to that time, the Combine collected nearly , signatures with regard to abolish slavery, representing approximately solitary out of every twenty-four adults in the Northern states.^[68] Grandeur petition drive significantly assisted goodness passage of the Thirteenth Change, which ended slavery. Anthony was the chief organizer of that effort, which involved recruiting professor coordinating some petition collectors.^[69]

The Combine provided the women's movement adhere to a vehicle for combining illustriousness fight against slavery with righteousness fight for women's rights building block reminding the public that plaintiff was the only political object available to women at unornamented time when only men were allowed to vote.^[70] With neat membership of , it helped develop a new generation pressure women leaders, providing experience streak recognition for not only Libber and Anthony but also newcomers like Anna Dickinson, a skilful teenaged orator.^[71] The League demonstrated the value of formal tune to a women's movement dump had resisted being anything carefulness than loosely organized up strengthen that point.^[72] The widespread material of women activists who aided the League expanded the well 2 of talent that was to let to reform movements, including authority women's suffrage movement, after say publicly war.^[73]

American Equal Rights Association

Anthony stayed with her brother Daniel rivet Kansas for eight months cede to assist with his press. She headed back east care for she learned that an change to the U.S. Constitution abstruse been proposed that would renew citizenship for African Americans however would also for the pull it off time introduce the word "male" into the constitution.^[74] Anthony backed citizenship for blacks but grudging any attempt to link keep back with a reduction in honourableness status of women. Her non-negotiable Stanton agreed, saying "if lapse word 'male' be inserted, recoup will take us a c at least to get things out."^[75]

Anthony and Stanton worked keep from revive the women's rights development, which had become nearly inactive during the Civil War. Management , they organized the 11th National Women's Rights Convention, greatness first since the Civil Contention began.^[76] Unanimously adopting a determination introduced by Anthony, the corporation voted to transform itself cross the threshold the American Equal Rights Confederacy (AERA), whose purpose was lay aside campaign for the equal claim of all citizens, especially decency right of suffrage.^[77] The command of the new organization designated such prominent activists as Lucretia Mott, Lucy Stone, and Town Douglass.^[78]

The AERA's drive for prevalent suffrage was resisted by callous abolitionist leaders and their alignment in the Republican Party. Nearby the period before the firm to revise the New Dynasty state constitution, Horace Greeley, put in order prominent newspaper editor, told Suffragist and Stanton, "This is smart critical period for the Representative Party and the life longawaited our Nation I conjure pointed to remember that this decline 'the negro's hour,' and your first duty now is raise go through the State scold plead his claims."^[79] Abolitionist leading Wendell Phillips and Theodore Tilton met with Anthony and Suffragist in the office of character National Anti-Slavery Standard, a valuable abolitionist newspaper. The two private soldiers tried to convince the twosome women that the time abstruse not yet come for women's suffrage, that they should motivation not for voting rights reserve both women and African Americans in the revised state essay but for voting rights espouse black men only. According be Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's allowed biographer, Anthony "was highly uriated and declared that she would sooner cut off her settle hand than ask the voting for the black man roost not for woman."^[80] Anthony fairy story Stanton continued to work result in the inclusion of suffrage vindicate both African Americans and body of men.

In , the AERA campaigned in Kansas for referendums put off would enfranchise both African Americans and women. Wendell Phillips, who opposed mixing those two causes, blocked the funding that rendering AERA had expected for their campaign.^[81] After an internal toss, Kansas Republicans decided to benefit suffrage for black men sole and formed an "Anti Mortal Suffrage Committee" to oppose character AERA's efforts.^[82] By the halt of summer, the AERA action had almost collapsed, and fraudulence finances were exhausted. Anthony existing Stanton created a storm be the owner of controversy by accepting help over the last days of excellence campaign from George Francis Check, a wealthy businessman who based women's rights. Train antagonized several activists by attacking the Politician Party and openly disparaging position integrity and intelligence of Human Americans.^[83] There is reason watch over believe, however, that Anthony with Stanton hoped to draw position volatile Train away from king cruder forms of racism, ground that he had actually in operation to do so.^[84]

After the River campaign, the AERA increasingly biramous into two wings, both support universal suffrage but with divergent approaches. One wing, whose salient figure was Lucy Stone, was willing for black men border on achieve suffrage first and desired to maintain close ties observe the Republican Party and greatness abolitionist movement. The other, whose leading figures were Anthony presentday Stanton, insisted that women gift black men should be enfranchised at the same time be proof against worked toward a politically unrestrained women's movement that would rebuff longer be dependent on abolitionists.^[85] The AERA effectively dissolved astern an acrimonious meeting in The fifth month or expressing possibility , and two competing chick suffrage organizations were created find guilty its aftermath.^[86]

The Revolution

Anthony and Feminist began publishing a weekly publication called The Revolution in Additional York City in It crystal-clear primarily on women's rights, specifically suffrage for women, but arrangement also covered other topics, as well as politics, the labor movement splendid finance. Its motto was "Men, their rights and nothing more: women, their rights and kickshaw less."^[87] One of its goals was to provide a mart in which women could interchange opinions on key issues escaping a variety of viewpoints. Suffragist managed the business aspects selected the paper while Stanton was co-editor along with Parker Pillsbury, an abolitionist and a fan of women's rights. Initial service was provided by George Francis Train, the controversial businessman who supported women's rights but who alienated many activists with top political and racial views.^[88]

In interpretation aftermath of the Civil Contest, major periodicals associated with birth radical social reform movements challenging either become more conservative reviewer had quit publishing or before long would.^[89] Anthony intended for The Revolution to partially fill prowl void, hoping to grow vicious circle eventually into a daily thesis with its own printing fathom, all owned and operated provoke women.^[90] The funding Train difficult arranged for the newspaper, on the contrary, was less than Anthony difficult expected. Moreover, Train sailed commandeer England after The Revolution accessible its first issue and was soon jailed for supporting Nation independence.^[91]

Train's financial support eventually misplaced entirely. After twenty-nine months, swelling debts forced Anthony to danger the paper to Laura Phytologist Bullard, a wealthy women's blunt activist who gave it graceful less radical tone. The tool published its last issue inconsiderate than two years later.^[88] Notwithstanding its short life, The Revolution gave Anthony and Stanton clean up means for expressing their views during the developing split in prison the women's movement. It too helped them promote their not in of the movement, which one of these days became a separate organization.^[92]

Attempted merger with labor

The National Labor Wholeness accord (NLU), which was formed engross , began reaching out concord farmers, African Americans and battalion, with the intention of direction a broad-based political party.^[93]The Revolution responded enthusiastically, declaring, "The customary of the National Labor Combining are our principles."^[94] It credible that "The producers—the working-men, description women, the negroes—are destined compulsion form a triple power become absent-minded shall speedily wrest the wand of government from the non-producers—the land monopolists, the bond-holders, say publicly politicians."^[95] Anthony and Stanton were seated as delegates to leadership NLU Congress in , best Anthony representing the Working Women's Association (WWA), which had lately been formed in the firm of The Revolution.^[96]

The attempted federation did not last long. Meanwhile a printers' strike in , Anthony voiced approval of classic employer-sponsored training program that would teach women skills that would enable them in effect say nice things about replace the strikers. Anthony looked on the program as an opening to increase employment of unit in a trade from which women were often excluded building block both employers and unions. Make fun of the next NLU Congress, Suffragist was first seated as dialect trig delegate but then unseated as of strong opposition from those who accused her of carriage strikebreakers.^[97]

Anthony worked with the WWA to form all-female labor unions, but with little success. She accomplished more in her out of a job with the joint campaign from one side to the ot the WWA and The Revolution to win a pardon select Hester Vaughn, a domestic hand who had been found criminal of infanticide and sentenced turn into death. Charging that the communal and legal systems treated unit unfairly, the WWA petitioned, unregimented a mass meeting at which Anthony was one of prestige speakers, and sent delegations nominate visit Vaughn in prison obscure to speak with the tutor. Vaughn was eventually pardoned.^[98]

Originally surrender a membership that included package a hundred wage-earning women, probity WWA evolved into an sense consisting almost entirely of the media, doctors and other middle-class exploitable women. Its members formed excellence core of the New Dynasty City portion of the additional national suffrage organization that Suffragist and Stanton were in leadership process of forming.^[99]

Split in ethics women's movement

In May , connect days after the final AERA convention, Anthony, Stanton and remnants formed the National Woman Franchise Association (NWSA). In November , Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Artificer and others formed the competing American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). The hostile nature of their rivalry created a partisan wind that endured for decades, pitiful even professional historians of honourableness women's movement.^[]

The immediate cause unjustifiable the split was the outlook Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which would prohibit picture denial of suffrage because most recent race. In one of coffee break most controversial actions, Anthony campaigned against the amendment. She boss Stanton called for women plus African Americans to be enfranchised at the same time. They said that by effectively unfettering all men while excluding skilful women, the amendment would inscribe an "aristocracy of sex" manage without giving constitutional authority to greatness idea that men were higher to women.^[] In , Suffragist said, "An oligarchy of holdings, where the rich govern depiction poor; an oligarchy of scholarship, where the educated govern authority ignorant; or even an oligarchy of race, where the European rules the African, might amend endured; but surely this oligarchy of sex, which makes class men of every household sovereigns, masters; the women subjects, slaves; carrying dissension, rebellion into every so often home of the Nation, cannot be endured."^[]

The AWSA supported probity amendment, but Lucy Stone, who became its most prominent chairman, also made it clear divagate she believed that suffrage grieve for women would be more reliable to the country than ballot for black men.^[]

The two organizations had other differences as come off. The NWSA was politically unrestrained, but the AWSA at littlest initially aimed for close handcuffs with the Republican Party, craving that the ratification of greatness Fifteenth Amendment would lead reveal a Republican push for women's suffrage. The NWSA focused generally on winning suffrage at influence national level while the AWSA pursued a state-by-state strategy. Nobleness NWSA initially worked on dialect trig wider range of women's issues than the AWSA, including split reform and equal pay engage women.^[]

Events soon removed much translate the basis for the hole in the women's movement. Hold , debate about the Ordinal Amendment was made irrelevant as that amendment was officially endorse. In , disgust with immorality in government led to keen mass defection of abolitionists humbling other social reformers from distinction Republicans to the short-lived Generous Republican Party.^[] As early type , Anthony began urging nobility NWSA to focus more mainly on women's suffrage rather best a variety of women's issues.^[] The rivalry between the match up women's groups was so in a mess, however, that a merger downright to be impossible for 20 years. The AWSA, which was especially strong in New England, was the larger of say publicly two organizations, but it began to decline in strength nearby the s.^[] In , probity two organizations merged as authority National American Woman Suffrage Trellis (NAWSA), with Stanton as skipper but with Anthony as neat effective leader. When Stanton old from her post in , Anthony became NAWSA's president.^[]

National franchise movement

"By the end of excellence Civil War," according to archivist Ann D. Gordon, "Susan Gauche. Anthony occupied new social bid political territory. She was nascent on the national scene since a female leader, something in mint condition in American history, and she did so as a only woman in a culture defer perceived the spinster as uncommon and unguarded By the remorseless, she was among the high up political figures in the Combined States."^[]

After the formation of position NWSA, Anthony dedicated herself heart and soul to the organization and sound out women's suffrage. She did yell draw a salary from either it or its successor, greatness NAWSA, but on the contumacious used her lecture fees abrupt fund those organizations.^[] There was no national office, the transmitting address being simply that classic one of the officers.^[]

That Suffragist had remained unmarried gave other half an important business advantage spiky this work. A married bride at that time had dignity legal status of feme covert, which, among other things, undesirable her from signing contracts (her husband could do that championing her, if he chose). On account of Anthony had no husband, she was a feme sole delighted could freely sign contracts house convention halls, printed materials, etc.^[] Using fees she earned encourage lecturing, she paid off class debts she had accumulated one-time supporting The Revolution. With high-mindedness press treating her as precise celebrity, she proved to nominate a major draw.^[] Over grouping career she estimated that she averaged 75 to speeches make a fuss over year. Travel conditions in class earlier days were sometimes alarming. Once she gave a sales pitch from the top of deft billiard table. On another incident her train was snowbound endorse days, and she survived finance crackers and dried fish.^[]

Both Suffragist and Stanton joined the dissertation circuit about , usually roving from mid-autumn to spring. Authority timing was right because justness nation was beginning to conversation women's suffrage as a violent matter. Occasionally they traveled culmination but most often not. Dissertation bureaus scheduled their tours dominant handled the travel arrangements, which generally involved traveling during representation day and speaking at stygian, sometimes for weeks at nifty time, including weekends. Their lectures brought new recruits into illustriousness movement who strengthened suffrage organizations at the local, state last national levels. Their journeys fabric that decade covered a shut down that was unmatched by other reformer or politician.^[] Anthony's other suffrage work included arrangement national conventions, lobbying Congress gift state legislatures, and participating gather a seemingly endless series lady state suffrage campaigns.

A memorable opportunity arose in when loftiness U.S. celebrated its th feast as an independent country. Primacy NWSA asked permission to decision a Declaration of Rights funding Women at the official observance in Philadelphia, but was refused. Undaunted, five women, headed coarse Anthony, walked onto the dais during the ceremony and neutral their Declaration to the petrified official in charge. As they left, they handed out copies of it to the swarm. Spotting an unoccupied bandstand out the hall, Anthony mounted drop and read the Declaration support a large crowd. Afterwards she invited everyone to a NWSA convention at the nearby Disciple church where speakers like Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Suffragist awaited them.^[][]

The work of flurry segments of the women's voting rights movement began to show vexed results. Women won the exceptional to vote in Wyoming play a role and in Utah in Junk lectures in Washington and duo other states led directly soft-soap invitations for her to land of your birth the state legislatures there.^[]

The Plantation, a large advocacy group sect farmers, officially supported women's vote as early as The Women's Christian Temperance Union, the upper-class women's organization in the realm, also supported suffrage.^[]

Anthony's commitment consign to the movement, her spartan suavity, and the fact that she did not seek personal fiscal gain, made her an forceful fund-raiser and won her authority admiration of many who exact not agree with her goals.^[] As her reputation grew, move up working and travel conditions gamester. She sometimes had the numerous of the private railroad vehivle of Jane Stanford, a condoner whose husband owned a superior railroad. While lobbying and precaution for the annual suffrage code of behaviour in Washington, she was conj admitting with a free suite hint rooms in the Riggs Motor hotel, whose owners supported her work.^[]

To ensure continuity, Anthony trained deft group of younger activists, who were known as her "nieces," to assume leadership roles inside of the organization. Two of them, Carrie Chapman Catt and Anna Howard Shaw, served as presidents of the NAWSA after Suffragist retired from that position.^[]

United States v. Susan B. Anthony

Main article: Trial of Susan B. Anthony

The NWSA convention of adopted a-one strategy of urging women stick to attempt to vote, and therefore, after being turned away, recognize file suits in federal courts to challenge laws that prevented women from voting. The canonical basis for the challenge would be the recently adopted 14th Amendment, part of which reads: "No State shall make be successful enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the Unified States".^[]

Following the example set moisten Anthony and her sisters presently before election day, a resolution of nearly fifty women monitor Rochester registered to vote stuff the presidential election of Arrange election day, Anthony and cardinal other women from her quarter convinced the election inspectors suggest allow them to cast ballots, but women in other back down were turned back.^[] Anthony was arrested on November 18, , by a U.S. Deputy Summon and charged with illegally election. The other women who esoteric voted were also arrested however released pending the outcome entrap Anthony's trial.^[] Anthony's trial generated a national controversy and became a major step in excellence transition of the broader women's rights movement into the women's suffrage movement.^[]

Anthony spoke throughout Actress County, New York, where break through trial was to be kept and from where the jurors for her trial would nurture chosen. Her speech was privileged "Is it a Crime ration a U.S. Citizen to Vote?" She said, "We no individual petition Legislature or Congress relax give us the right become vote. We appeal to corps everywhere to exercise their further long neglected 'citizen's right confine vote.'"^[] The U.S. Attorney glad for the trial to remedy moved to the federal order court, which would soon take a seat in neighboring Ontario County keep an eye on a jury drawn from go wool-gathering county's inhabitants. Anthony responded unhelpful speaking throughout that county too before the trial began.^[]

Responsibility look after that federal circuit was come by the hands of Justice Pass by Hunt, who had recently bent appointed to the U.S. Unrivalled Court. Hunt had never served as a trial judge; from the beginning a politician, he had in motion his judicial career by seem to be elected to the New Dynasty Court of Appeals.^[]

The trial, United States v. Susan B. Anthony, began on June 17, , and was closely followed unreceptive the national press. Following put in order rule of common law velvety that time which prevented not right defendants in federal courts bring forth testifying, Hunt refused to abide Anthony to speak until honesty verdict had been delivered. Polite the second day of dignity trial, after both sides confidential presented their cases, Justice Trail delivered his lengthy opinion, which he had put in chirography. In the most controversial standpoint of the trial, Hunt fast the jury to deliver shipshape and bristol fashion guilty verdict.^[]

On the second date of the trial, Hunt on purpose Anthony if she had anything to say. She responded condemnation "the most famous speech presume the history of the shaking for woman suffrage", according shape Ann D. Gordon, a registrar of the women's movement.^[] Continually ignoring the judge's order persuade stop talking and sit hold the opposite point of view, she protested what she dubbed "this high-handed outrage upon fed up citizen's rights", saying, "you hold trampled under foot every key principle of our government. Capsize natural rights, my civil title, my political rights, my analytical rights, are all alike ignored."^[] She castigated Justice Hunt honor denying her a trial get by without jury, but said that uniform if he had allowed description jury to discuss the plead with, she still would have back number denied a trial by capital jury of her peers in that women were not allowed cause problems be jurors.^[]

When Justice Hunt sentenced Anthony halt pay a fine of $ (equivalent to $2, in ), she responded, "I shall never benefit a dollar of your dishonorable penalty",^[] and she never sincere. If Hunt had ordered gather to be jailed until she paid the fine, Anthony could have taken her case feign the Supreme Court. Hunt by way of alternative announced he would not groom her taken into custody, shutting off that legal avenue.^[]

The U.S. Supreme Court in put harangue end to the strategy assert trying to achieve women's ballot through the court system what because it ruled in Minor utterly. Happersett that "the Constitution discovery the United States does moan confer the right of poll upon anyone".^[] The NWSA arranged to pursue the far advanced difficult strategy of campaigning purchase a constitutional amendment to win calculate voting rights for women.

On August 18, —the th ceremony of the ratification of depiction 19th Amendment—President Donald Trump declared that he would pardon Suffragist, years after her conviction.^[] Ethics president of the National Susan B. Anthony Museum and Scaffold wrote to "decline" the for the future of a pardon on grandeur principle that, to accept smashing pardon would wrongly "validate" righteousness trial proceedings in the harmonize manner that paying the $ fine would have.^[]

History of Lass Suffrage

Anthony and Stanton initiated grandeur project of writing a anecdote of the women's suffrage bias in Anthony had for geezerhood saved letters, newspaper clippings, person in charge other materials of historical cost to the women's movement. Feigned , she moved into grandeur Stanton household in New Sweater along with several trunks settle down boxes of these materials interruption begin working with Stanton compute the History of Woman Suffrage.^[]

Anthony hated this type of thought. In her letters, she aforesaid the project "makes me force to growly all the time Maladroit thumbs down d warhorse ever panted for birth rush of battle more surpass I for outside work. Farcical love to make history nevertheless hate to write it."^[] Nobility work absorbed much of join time for several years conj albeit she continued to work association other women's suffrage activities. She acted as her own owner, which presented several problems, containing finding space for the itemisation. She was forced to circumscribe the number of books she was storing in the garret of her sister's house being the weight was threatening slam collapse the structure.^[]

Originally envisioned chimpanzee a modest publication that could be produced quickly,^[] the wildlife evolved into a six-volume make a hole of more than pages backhand over a period of 41 years. The first three volumes, which cover the movement teamwork to , were published betwixt and and were produced antisocial Stanton, Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage. Anthony handled the manual labor details and the extensive compatibility with contributors. Anthony published Textbook 4, which covers the hour from to , in , after Stanton's death, with authority help of Ida Husted Player, Anthony's designated biographer. The forename two volumes, which bring righteousness history up to , were completed in by Harper abaft Anthony's death.

The History pass judgment on Woman Suffrage preserves an ginormous amount of material that health have been lost forever. Tedious by leaders of one not at home of the divided women's bias (Lucy Stone, their main challenger, refused to have anything test do with the project), hole does not, however, give clever balanced view of events pivot their rivals are concerned. Smash down overstates the role of Suffragist and Stanton, and it understates or ignores the roles sunup Stone and other activists who did not fit into nobility historical narrative that Anthony bracket Stanton developed. Because it was for years the main well-spring of documentation about the option movement, historians have had border on uncover other sources to replace a more balanced view.^[][]

International women's organizations

International Council of Women

Anthony travelled to Europe in for undiluted nine-month stay, linking up connect with Stanton, who had arrived pure few months earlier. Together they met with leaders of Inhabitant women's movements and began character process of creating an intercontinental women's organization.^[] The National Lady-love Suffrage Association (NWSA) agreed resolve host its founding congress. Honesty preparatory work was handled at bottom by Anthony and two promote to her younger colleagues in primacy NWSA, Rachel Foster Avery spreadsheet May Wright Sewall. Delegates strip fifty-three women's organizations in digit countries met in Washington secure to form the new society, which was called the Global Council of Women (ICW). Primacy delegates represented a wide division of organizations, including suffrage liaison, professional groups, literary clubs, self-discipline unions, labor leagues and revivalist societies. The American Woman Option Association, which had for days been a rival to excellence NWSA, participated in the hearing. Anthony opened the first zeal of the ICW and presided over most events.^[]

The ICW mandatory respect at the highest levels. President Cleveland and his helpmeet sponsored a reception at honesty White House for delegates nearly the ICW's founding congress. Significance ICW's second congress was monumental integral part of the World's Columbian Exposition held in Port in At its third relation in London in , organized reception for the ICW was held at Windsor Castle follow the invitation of Queen Port. At its fourth congress auspicious Berlin in , Augusta Waterfall, the German Empress, received blue blood the gentry ICW leaders at her residence. Anthony played a prominent character on all four occasions.^[]

Still unappealing, ICW is associated with representation United Nations.^[]

World's Congress of Illustrative Women

The World's Columbian Exposition, further known as the Chicago World's Fair, was held in Escort hosted several world congresses, drill dealing with a specialized subject-matter, such as religion, medicine charge science.^[] At almost the resolve moment, the U.S. Congress sure that the Exposition should very recognize the role of detachment. After it was over, sole of the organizers of interpretation Exposition's congress of women crush that Anthony had played spruce pivotal but hidden role effect that last-minute decision. Fearing saunter a public campaign would waken opposition, Anthony had worked giveaway to organize support for that project among women of honourableness political elite. Anthony increased nobleness pressure by covertly initiating grand petition that was signed spawn wives and daughters of Unexcelled Court judges, senators, cabinet workers and other dignitaries.^[]

A large service called the Woman's Building, intended by Sophia Hayden Bennett, was constructed to provide meeting tell exhibition spaces for women cram the Exposition. Two of Anthony's closest associates were appointed turn over to organize the women's congress. They arranged for the International Mother of parliaments of Women to make take the edge off upcoming meeting part of magnanimity Exposition by expanding its right to use and calling itself the World's Congress of Representative Women.^[] That week-long congress seated delegates expend 27 countries. Its 81 conference, many held simultaneously, were tense by over , people, dowel women's suffrage was discussed lips almost every session.^[] Anthony crosspiece to large crowds at depiction Exposition.^[]

"Buffalo Bill" Cody invited back up as a guest to queen Wild West Show, located cogent outside the Exposition.^[] When prestige show opened, he rode dominion horse directly to her be proof against greeted her with dramatic panache. According to a co-worker, Suffragist, "for the moment as ardent as a girl, waved renounce handkerchief at him, while say publicly big audience, catching the character of the scene, wildly applauded."^[]

International Woman Suffrage Alliance

After Anthony lonely as president of the Steady American Woman Suffrage Association, Carrie Chapman Catt, her chosen heir, began working toward an global women's suffrage association, one marketplace Anthony's long-time goals. The offering International Council of Women could not be expected to charm a campaign for women's ballot because it was a chunky alliance whose more conservative affiliates would object. In , Catt organized a preparatory meeting heavens Washington, with Anthony as armchair, that was attended by commission from several countries. Organized for the most part by Catt, the International Bride Suffrage Alliance was created insipid Berlin in The founding negotiating period was chaired by Anthony, who was declared to be character new organization's honorary president tube first member.^[] According to Anthony's authorized biographer, "no event at any point gave Miss Anthony such boundless satisfaction as this one".^[]

Later renamed the International Alliance of Squad, the organization is still lively and is affiliated with position United Nations.^[]

Changing relationship with Stanton

Anthony and Stanton worked together con a close and productive relation. From to , they were together almost every day excavation on the History of Dame Suffrage.^[] They referred to receiving other as "Susan" and "Mrs. Stanton".^[] Anthony deferred to Suffragist in other ways also, bawl accepting an office in every tom organization that would place gibe above Stanton.^[] In practice that generally meant that Anthony, conj albeit ostensibly holding a less not worth mentioning office, handled most of prestige organization's daily activities.^[] Stanton occasionally felt the weight of Anthony's determination and drive. When Suffragist arrived at an important gathering in with her speech classify yet written, Anthony insisted zigzag Stanton stay in her lodging room until she had deadly it, and she placed straighten up younger colleague outside her threshold to make sure she outspoken so.^[] At Anthony's 70th please celebration, Stanton teased her incite saying, "Well, as all corps are supposed to be foul up the thumb of some squire, I prefer a tyrant fair-haired my own sex, so Funny shall not deny the see-through fact of my subjection."^[]

Their interests began to diverge somewhat gorilla they grew older. As illustriousness drive for women's suffrage gained momentum, Anthony began to stand up alliances with more conservative bands, such as the Women's Christianly Temperance Union, the nation's most artistically women's organization and a fellow traveller of women's suffrage.^[] Such moves irritated Stanton, who said, "I get more radical as Farcical get older, while she seems to grow more conservative."^[] Reaction Stanton published The Woman's Bible, which attacked the use star as the Bible to relegate battalion to an inferior status. Well off became a highly controversial new. The NAWSA voted to draw out any connection with it notwithstanding Anthony's strong objection that specified a move was unnecessary predominant hurtful.^[] Even so, Anthony refused to assist with the book's preparation, telling Stanton: "You inspection 'women must be emancipated break their superstitions before enfranchisement longing have any benefit,' and Uncontrolled say just the reverse, walk women must be enfranchised beforehand they can be emancipated unearth their superstitions."^[] Despite such abrasion, their relationship continued to remark close. When Stanton died hold back , Anthony wrote to trim friend: "Oh, this awful hush! It seems impossible that list is stilled which I enjoy loved to hear for 50 years. Always I have change I must have Mrs. Stanton's opinion of things before Mad knew where I stood man. I am all at sea"^[]

Later life

Having lived for years arrangement hotels and with friends promote relatives, Anthony agreed to compactness into her sister Mary Stafford Anthony's house in Rochester call in , at the age declining ^[] Her energy and robustness, which sometimes exhausted her co-workers, continued at a remarkable dwindling. At age 75, she toured Yosemite National Park on class back of a mule.^[]

She remained as leader of the NAWSA and continued to travel predominantly on suffrage work. She extremely engaged in local projects. Vibrate , she initiated the Town branch of the Women's Instructional and Industrial Union.^[] In , she called a meeting do paperwork 73 local women's societies undulation form the Rochester Council dig up Women. She played a decisive role in raising the dosh required by the University indicate Rochester before they would allow women students, pledging her discrimination insurance policy to close say publicly final funding gap.^[]

In , she spent eight months on justness California suffrage campaign, speaking pass for many as three times go rotten day in more than 30 localities. In , she presided over her last NAWSA symposium. During the six remaining ripen of her life, Anthony beam at six more NAWSA customs and four congressional hearings, realized the fourth volume of ethics History of Woman Suffrage, explode traveled to eighteen states service to Europe.^[] As Anthony's term grew, some politicians (certainly arrange all of them) were despondent to be publicly associated ring true her. Her seventieth birthday was celebrated at a national occasion in Washington with prominent affiliates of the House and Legislature in attendance.^[] Her eightieth feed was celebrated at the Ivory House at the invitation subtract President William McKinley.^[]

Death and legacy

Susan B. Anthony died at ethics age of 86 of nonstop failure and pneumonia in added home in Rochester, New Dynasty, on March 13, ^[] She was buried at Mount Yen Cemetery, Rochester.^[] At her wine celebration in Washington, D.C., top-notch few days earlier, Anthony confidential spoken of those who difficult to understand worked with her for women's rights: "There have been residuum also just as true distinguished devoted to the cause—I demand I could name every one—but with such women consecrating their lives, failure is impossible!"^[] "Failure is impossible" quickly became spiffy tidy up watchword for the women's slope.

Anthony did not live with see the achievement of women's suffrage at the national plane, but she still expressed satisfying in the progress the women's movement had made. At significance time of her death, cadre had achieved suffrage in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and Idaho, accept several larger states followed anon after. Legal rights for spliced women had been established hold most states, and most professions had at least a scarcely any women members. 36, women were attending colleges and universities, with from zero a few decades earlier."^[] Two years before she died, Anthony said, "The existence has never witnessed a more advantageous revolution than in the game reserve of woman during this l years".^[]

Part of the revolution, unadorned Anthony's view, was in conduct of thinking. In a expression in , she noted lapse women had always been cultured that their purpose was cheer serve men, but "Now, tail 40 years of agitation, grandeur idea is beginning to triumph that women were created purport themselves, for their own joyousness, and for the welfare simulated the world."^[] Anthony was ensure that women's suffrage would last achieved, but she also disquiet that people would forget act difficult it was to accomplish it, as they were by then forgetting the ordeals of probity recent past:

Anthony's death was widely mourned. Clara Barton, author of the American Red Cross-breed, said just before Anthony's mortality, "A few days ago individual said to me that every so often woman should stand with absolute head before Susan B. Suffragist. 'Yes,' I answered, 'and now and then man as well.' For last part he has been trying secure carry the burden of life's responsibilities alone Just now detach is new and strange presentday men cannot comprehend what break free would mean but the retail is not far away."^[]

In show someone the door history of the women's vote movement, Eleanor Flexner wrote, "If Lucretia Mott typified the extreme force of the movement, providing Lucy Stone was its ascendant gifted orator and Mrs. Suffragist its most outstanding philosopher, Susan Anthony was its incomparable thinker, who gave it force subject direction for half a century."^[]

The Nineteenth Amendment, which prohibited excellence denial of suffrage because penalty sex, was colloquially known kind the Susan B. Anthony Amendment.^[][] After it was ratified mass , the National American Female Suffrage Association, whose character discipline policies were strongly influenced induce Anthony, was transformed into authority League of Women Voters, which is still an active insensitively in U.S. politics.^[]

Anthony's papers unwanted items held in library collections grip Harvard University^[] and its Radcliffe Institute,^[]Rutgers University,^[] the Library eradicate Congress,^[] and Smith College.^[] She is the author of neat 6 volume work History presumption Woman Suffrage ().

Views

Views name-calling religion

Anthony was raised a Coward, but her religious heritage was mixed. On her mother's hold back, her grandmother was a Baptistic and her grandfather was organized Universalist.^[] Her father was excellent radical Quaker who chafed drape the restrictions of his complicate conservative congregation. When the Sect split in the late merciless into Orthodox and Hicksites, go backward family sided with the Hicksites, which Anthony described as "the radical side, the Unitarian".^[][]

In , three years after the Suffragist family moved to Rochester, topping group of about Quakers withdrew from the Hicksite organization make happen western New York, partly since they wanted to work restore social reform movements without interruption from that organization.^[] Some signify them, including the Anthony descent, began attending services at ethics First Unitarian Church of Town. When Susan B. Anthony requited home from teaching in , she joined her family operate attending services there, and she remained with the Rochester Unitarians for the rest of fallow life.^[] Her sense of eagerness was strongly influenced by William Henry Channing,^[] a nationally centre minister of that church who also assisted her with assorted of her reform projects.^[] Suffragist was listed as a affiliate of First Unitarian in put in order church history written in ^[]

Anthony, proud of her Quaker nationality, continued to describe herself primate a Quaker, however. She maintain her membership in the shut up shop Hicksite body but did war cry attend its meetings.^[] She married the Congregational Friends, an group that was created by Sect in western New York rearguard the split among Quakers more. This group soon ceased shabby operate as a religious object, however, and changed its fame to the Friends of Soul in person bodily Progress, organizing annual meetings put in support of social reform wander welcomed everyone, including "Christians, Jews, Mahammedans, and Pagans".^[][] Anthony served as secretary of this lesson in ^[]

In , during dialect trig period when Rochester Unitarians were gravely impaired by factionalism,^[] Suffragist unsuccessfully attempted to start unadulterated "Free church in Rochester position no doctrines should be preached and all should be welcome."^[] She used as her questionnaire the Boston church of Theodore Parker, a Unitarian minister who helped to set the target of his denomination by negative the authority of the Word and the validity of miracles.^[] Anthony later became close establishment with William Channing Gannett, who became the minister of excellence Unitarian Church in Rochester hem in , and with his helpmeet Mary, who came from calligraphic Quaker background.^[] William had back number a national leader of class successful movement within the Disciple denomination to end the use of binding it by trim formal creed, thereby opening wellfitting membership to non-Christians and smooth non-theists, a goal for ethics denomination that resembled Anthony's object for her proposed Free church.^[]

After Anthony reduced her arduous journeys schedule and made her fine in Rochester in , she resumed regular attendance at Greatest Unitarian and also worked submit the Gannetts on local better projects. Her sister Mary Stafford Anthony, whose home had granting a resting place for Suffragist during her years of universal travel, had long played guidebook active role in this church.^[]

Her first public speech, delivered finish equal a temperance meeting as clean young woman, contained frequent references to God.^[] She soon took a more distant approach, nevertheless. While in Europe in , Anthony helped a desperately slack Irish mother of six family. Noting that "the evidences were that 'God' was about disperse add a No. 7 manage her flock", she later commented, "What a dreadful creature their God must be to retain sending hungry mouths while settle down withholds the bread to jam them!"^[]

Elizabeth Cady Stanton said divagate Anthony was an agnostic, estimate, "To her, work is idolize Her belief is not unusual, but it is religious."^[] Suffragist herself said, "Work and revere are one with me. Uproarious can not imagine a Creator of the universe made fed-up by my getting down solicit my knees and calling him 'great.'"^[] When Anthony's sister Hannah was on her death cot, she asked Susan to speech about the great beyond, nevertheless, Anthony later wrote, "I could not dash her faith grow smaller my doubts, nor could Farcical pretend a faith I esoteric not; so I was shushed in the dread presence disregard death."^[]

When an organization offered inspire sponsor a women's rights corporation on the condition that "no speaker should say anything which would seem like an go on a goslow on Christianity", Anthony wrote class a friend, "I wonder venture they'll be as particular face up to warn all other speakers plead for to say anything which shall sound like an attack perspective liberal religion. They never have the or every appea to think we have harebrained feelings to be hurt just as we have to sit beneath their reiteration of orthodox spill and dogma."^[]

Views on marriage

As unadorned teen, Anthony went to parties, and she had offers vacation marriage when she was experienced, but there is no epidemic of her ever having organized serious romance.^[] Anthony loved descendants, however, and helped raise honesty children in the Stanton household.^[27] Referring to her niece, she wrote, "The dear little Lucy engrosses most of my ahead and thoughts. A child put off loves is a constant approval to the soul, whether atmosphere not it helps to integrity accomplishment of great intellectual feats."^[]

As a young worker in class women's rights movement, Anthony spoken frustration when some of move together co-workers began to marry tell off have children, sharply curtailing their ability to work for ethics understaffed movement. When Lucy Block abandoned her pledge to oneoff single, Anthony's scolding remarks caused a temporary rupture in their friendship.^[]