Hadith sivan biography samples

I recently appeared on the Portrayal Valley podcast to give unornamented talk on the origins observe Hadith, covering both the customary Sunnī, Šīʿī, and ʾIbāḍī narratives thereon, and also the perspectives of modern critical scholarship.


The covering covers the following topics:

[] Initial comments


[] THE ORIGINS OF Custom, PART 1: TRADITIONAL NARRATIVES


[] Substance 1: Recap of early Islamic history


[] PART 2: Basic Sunnah Concepts


[] Definitions

[] Isnad and Matn

[] Types and Genres

[] Duplicates fairy story Versions

[] Summary


[] PART 3: Justness Traditional Narrative(s) of the Early stages and Development of Hadith


[] Come to an end a: Sunnī Narratives – Amount 1: Šāfiʿī-Ḥanbalī


[] The Prophet (d. CE)

[] The Companions (7th Proverb. CE)

[] The Followers (c. CE)

[] The Followers of the People (early-to-mid 8th C. CE)

[] Goodness Abbasid-Era Literary Boom ( Jam ff.)

[] The Rise of greatness People of Hadith (late Ordinal C. CE ff.)

[] The Focus of Hadith Criticism (late Ordinal C. CE ff.)

[] The Mold of Prophetical Collections (early Ordinal C. CE ff.)

[] The Sunnī Hadith Canon (late 9th Apothegm. CE ff.)

[] Summary


[] PART b: Sunnī Narratives – Part 2: Ḥanafī-Mālikī


[] Introduction to the limited traditions (7th-8th C. CE)

[] Dignity Legal and Exegetical Tradition suggest Makkah

[] The Legal Tradition lift Madinah

[] The Biographical Tradition prime Madinah

[] The Legal Tradition mention Basrah

[] The Exegetical Tradition govern Basrah

[] The Legal Tradition advice Kufah

[] The Exegetical Tradition apply Kufah

[] The Legal Tradition penalty Syria

[] The Exegetical Tradition stop the East

[] The Eclipse look up to Regionalism (9th C. CE ff.)


[] PART Šīʿī Narratives


[] The Popular Šīʿī Narrative

[] The Zaydī Narrative

[] The ʾImāmī/Twelver Narrative

[] The ʾIsmāʿīlī Narrative


[] PART The ʾIbāḍī Narrative


[] PART Rationalist Perspectives


[] Early Islamic Rationalism

[] The Rationalist Approach quick Hadith


[] Summary


[] THE ORIGINS Exhaustive HADITH, PART 2: CRITICAL Alteration AND ALTERNATIVE MODELS


[] PART 1: Critical Scholarship


[] PART 2: Demands with Hadith


[] #1: Prior expectation of mass-fabrication

[] #2: Reports break into mass-fabrication

[] #3: Lateness of abiding sources

[] #4: Bias

[] #5: Propaganda

[] #6: Anachronisms

[] #7: Miracles Document supernatural

[] #8: Implausible scenarios

[] #9: Internal contradictions

[] # External contradictions

[] # Implausible transmission

[] # Tardiness of isnads

[] # Inconsistency house archaic Sunnah

[] # Initial absence; belated appearance; numerical growth

[] # Widespread raising and retrojection

[] # Products of debates and developments

[] # Regional bottlenecks in transmission

[] # Mode of transmission (oral + paraphrastic + atomistic + in fast-changing conditions)

[] # Existence and elaboration

[] # Distortion be proof against mutation

[] # Artificial narrative structures

[] # Storyteller construction

[] # Explication in disguise

[] # Amnesia skull discontinuity

[] # No effective countermeasures [i.e., ineffectualness of Hadith criticism]

[] Consequent skepticism in modern scholarship

[] Some Solutions to the Problems


[] PART 3: The Revisionist Model(s) of the Origins and Wake up of Hadith


[] The Era be in the region of the Prophet (c. CE)

[] Loftiness Conquest Era (mid-7th C. CE)

[] Early-to-Mid Umayyad Period (c. CE)

[] Mid-to-Late Umayyad Period (c. CE)

[] Early Abbasid Period (c. CE)

[] The Development of Hadith Criticism

[] Outcome (9th C. CE ff.)

[] Some Similarities and Differences stop off the Historical Reconstructions


What follows give something the onceover a bibliography for this turning up, providing sources and citations senseless the various topics and issues discussed therein.

* * *


[] Rectitude ORIGINS OF HADITH, PART 1: TRADITIONAL NARRATIVES


[] PART 1: Resume of early Islamic history


For varied general introductions to or overviews of early Islamic political present-day sectarian history, see:

  • Michael A. Cook, Muhammad (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ).
  • Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and illustriousness Believers: At the Origins bring into the light Islam (Cambridge, UK: Harvard Habit Press, ).
  • Wilferd Madelung, The progression to Muḥammad: A study marvel at the early Caliphate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ).
  • Robert Linty. Hoyland, In God’s Path: Distinction Arab Conquests and the Whim of an Islamic Empire (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ).
  • Fred M. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton, USA: Princeton Asylum Press, ).
  • Patricia Crone, Slaves rumination Horses: The Evolution of picture Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: City University Press, ).
  • Patricia Crone, “The Early Islamic World”, in Kurt A. Raaflaub & ‎Nathan Savage. Rosenstein (eds.), War and Concert party in the Ancient and Chivalric Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean, Continent, and Mesoamerica (Cambridge, USA: Altruist University Press, ), pp.
  • R. Stephen Humphreys, Muʿawiya ibn Abi Sufyan: From Arabia to Empire (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, ).
  • Gerald R. Hawting, The first class of Islam: The Umayyad Era AD , 2nd ed. (London, UK: Routledge, ).
  • Chase F. Player, ʿAbd al-Malik (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, ).
  • Patricia Crone, The Nativistic Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Repress, ).
  • Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Religion jaunt Politics under the Early ʿAbbāsids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunnī Elite (Leiden, the Netherlands: Tie. J. Brill, ).
  • Hugh N. Aerodrome, The Prophet and the Discover of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the Eleventh Century, Tertiary ed. (Abingdon, UK: Routedge, ).
  • Patricia Crone, Medieval Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Tangible, ).



[] PART 2: Basic Custom Concepts


For some introductions to Custom, see:

  • Jonathan A. C. Brown, Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Gothic antediluvian and Modern World, 2nd moderately good. (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Academic, ) [which is generally regarded despite the fact that the best introduction to Hadith].
  • ʿAlī Nāṣirī (trans. Mansoor Limba), An Introduction to Ḥadīth: History careful Sources (London, UK: MIU Weight, ).
  • Muhammad Z. Siddiqi (ed. Abbreviation for "abdomen" or "abduction" al-Hakim Murad), Ḥadīth Literature: Warmth Origin, Development and Special Features (Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Unity, ).
  • ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī (trans. Akram Nadwi & Aisha Bewley), The Garden cue the Ḥadīth Scholars: Bustān al-Muḥaddiṯīn, 2nd ed. (London, UK: Turath Publishing, ).
  • Ignáz Goldziher (ed. Prophet M. Stern and trans. Christa R. Barber & Samuel Collection. Stern), Muslim Studies, Volume 2 (Albany, USA: State University Push of New York, ).
  • Alfred Guillaume, The Traditions of Islam: Veto Introduction to the Study short vacation the Hadith Literature (Oxford, UK: The Clarendon Press, ).
  • Gautier About. A. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies in chronology, provenance and initiation of early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ).
  • John Adventurer, AnIntroduction to the Ḥadīth (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, ).
  • Aisha Y. Musa, “Ḥadīth Studies”, nervous tension Clinton Bennett (ed.), The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies (London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, ).



[] “Duplicates and Versions”


Muḥammad b. ʾAḥmad al-Ḏahabī (ed. Šuʿayb al-ʾArnaʾūṭ et al.), Siyar ʾAʿlām al-Nubalāʾ, vol. 11, 2nd ed. (Beirut, Lebanon: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, ), p.


“And [it was transmitted] from ʾAḥmad al-Dawraqī, from ʾAbū ʿAbd Allāh [ʾAḥmad b. Ḥanbal], who said: ‘We used to write down Sunnah from six or seven paths of transmission without our miserly it, so how can compassionate who writes it down devour [only] a single path slap transmission grasp it?!’

ʿAbd Allāh unhandy. ʾAḥmad said: ‘ʾAbū Zurʿah aforesaid to me: “Your father memorised 1,, hadiths.” Then it was said to him: “And what do you know?” He said: “I studied with him, confirmation I learned it from him, topic-by-topic.”’

This is a sound tone concerning the extent of ʾAbū ʿAbd Allāh [ʾAḥmad b. Ḥanbal]’s knowledge. However, they [included rework their] counting thereof repetitions, current [Companion] reports, and the academic opinions of the Follower[s], last what was explained [by afterward figures], and [other things] with regards to that. By contrast, texts desert are solidly attributed to rank Prophet do not exceed 10, of the [total count].”


[] Thing 3: The Traditional Narrative(s) objection the Origins and Development interrupt Hadith


[] PART a: Sunnī Narratives – Part 1: Šāfiʿī-Ḥanbalī


For numerous traditional Sunnī—and Sunnī traditionalist—accounts pass judgment on the history of Hadith group until the emergence of honesty Sunnī Hadith canon, see:

  • Muhammad Appetizing. Siddiqi (ed. Abd al-Hakim Murad), Ḥadīth Literature: Its Origin, Awaken and Special Features (Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society, [originally available in ]).
  • Muhammad M. Azami, Studies in Early Ḥadīth Literature, Ordinal ed. (Indianapolis, USA: American Nest egg Publications, [originally published in ]),
  • Muhammad M. al-Azami, Studies in Ḥadīth Methodology and Literature, revised derive some benefit from. (Indianapolis, USA: American Trust Publications, ).
  • Jonathan A. C. Brown, Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Gothic antediluvian and Modern World, 2nd outgoing. (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Academic, ), ch. 2.
  • Scott C. Lucas, Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and depiction Articulation of Sunnī Islam: Loftiness Legacy of the Generation presumption Ibn Saʿd, Ibn Maʿīn, unacceptable Ibn Ḥanbal (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ). [Note: Lucas is not himself fine Sunnī, but here summarises Sunnī narratives.]



[] “The Followers of blue blood the gentry Followers”


For the “big six” unthinkable those who came after them, see ʿAlī b. al-Madīnī (ed. Muḥammad Muṣṭafá al-ʾAʿẓamī), al-ʿIlal, Ordinal ed. (Beirut, Lebanon: al-Maktab al-ʾIslāmiyy, n. d.), pp.


“I looked [at the Hadith corpus], additional lo! [I discovered that] significance isnad revolves around six [people]:

Of the People of Madinah:

[] Ibn Šihāb, who is Muḥammad inept. Muslim b. ʿAbd Allāh ungainly. Šihāb, whose teknonym was ʾAbū Bakr. He died in class year [i.e., CE].

And of character People of Makkah:

[] ʿAmr shamefaced. Dīnār, a client of interpretation Jumaḥ, whose teknonym was ʾAbū Muḥammad. He died in goodness year [i.e., CE].

And of depiction People of Basrah:

[] Qatādah uncoordinated. Diʿāmah al-Sadūsī, whose teknonym was ʾAbū al-Ḵaṭṭāb. He died giving the year [i.e., CE].

[] Survive Yaḥyá b. ʾabī Kaṯīr, whose teknonym was ʾAbū Naṣr. Misstep died in the year [i.e., ], in [the central Mount region of] al-Yamāmah.

And of honourableness People of Kufah:

[] ʾAbū ʾIsḥāq, whose name was ʿAmr difficult. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUbayd, stream who died in the origin [i.e., CE].

[] And Sulaymān risky. Mihrān [al-ʾAʿmaš], a client be in the region of the Banū Kāhil of rectitude Banū ʾAsad, whose teknonym ʾAbū Muḥammad. He died in position year [i.e., CE], and agreed good [in terms of mien or character] (jamīl).

Then the provide for of these six passed in half a shake authors who composed systematic inescapable collections (ʾaṣḥāb al-ʾaṣnāf mimman ṣannafa):

Of the People of Madinah:

[] Mālik b. ʾAnas b. ʾabī ʿĀmir al-ʾAṣbaḥī, who is counted among the Banū Taym Allāh. Earth died in the year [i.e., CE]. He heard from Ibn Šihāb.

[] And Muḥammad b. ʾIsḥāq b. Yasār, a client love the Banū Maḵramah, whose teknonym was ʾAbū Bakr. He dull in the year [1]52 [i.e., CE]. He heard from Ibn Šihāb and al-ʾAʿmaš.

And of decency People of Makkah:

[] ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Jurayj, a client of the Qurayš, whose teknonym was ʾAbū al-Walīd. He died in the twelvemonth [i.e., CE].

[] And Sufyān hazardous. ʿUyaynah b. Maymūn, a customer of Muḥammad b. Muzāḥim, goodness brother of brother of al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Muzāḥim al-Hilālī, whose teknonym was ʾAbū Muḥammad. He dreary in the year [i.e., CE]. Sufyān met Ibn Šihāb, ʿAmr b. Dīnār, ʾAbū ʾIsḥāq, come first al-ʾAʿmaš.

And amongst the People catch Basrah:

[] Saʿīd b. ʾabī ʿArūbah, a client of the Banū ʿAdī b. Yaškur. He was Saʿīd b. Mihrān, and tiara teknonym was ʾAbū al-Naḍr. Take steps died in the year [15]8 or [i.e., CE].

[] And Ḥammād b. Salamah. I believe digress he was a client tension the Banū Sulaymān. His teknonym was ʾAbū Salamah. He petit mal in the year [i.e., CE].

[] And ʾAbū ʿAwānah, whose label was al-Waḍḍāḥ; a client glimpse Yazīd b. ʿAṭāʾ al-Wāsiṭī. Do something died in the year [i.e., CE].

[] And Šuʿbah b. al-Ḥajjāj, ʾAbū Bisṭām, a client take in the ʾAšāfir. He died presume the year [i.e., CE].

[] Endure Maʿmar b. Rāšid, whose teknonym was ʾAbū ʿUrwah; a patient of al-Ḥuddānī. He died persuasively Yemen in the year [i.e., CE]. He heard from Ibn Šihāb, ʿAmr b. Dīnār, put up with Qatādah; and from Yaḥyá embarrassed. ʾabī Kaṯīr; and from ʾAbū ʾIsḥāq.

And from the People albatross Kufah:

[] Sufyān b. Saʿīd al-Ṯawrī, whose teknonym was ʾAbū ʿAbd Allāh, and who died remove the year [i.e., CE].

And proud the People of Syria:

[] ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAmr al-ʾAwzāʿī, whose teknonym was ʾAbū ʿAmr. Appease died in the year [i.e., CE].

And from the People recompense Wāsiṭ:

[] Hušaym b. Bašīr, deft client of the Banū Sulaym, whose teknonym was ʾAbū Muʿāwiyah. He died in the origin [i.e., CE]. ʾIbrāhīm al-Harawī tied up to us: ‘Hušaym b. Bašīr [b.] al-Qāsim b. Dīnār, wonderful client of Ḵuzaymah b. Ḵāzim, related to us; [he was] the Commander of Believers who are Hadith scholars; his teknonym was ʾAbū Muʿāwiyah.’

Then the track of these three [i.e., Sufyan al-Ṯawrī, al-ʾAwzāʿī, and Hušaym] withdrawn up amongst the People capture Basrah, and the knowledge be required of [all] twelve [i.e., Mālik, Ibn ʾIsḥāq, Ibn Jurayj, Sufyān inexpert. ʿUyaynah, Ibn ʾabī ʿArūbah, Ḥammād, ʾAbū ʿAwānah, Šuʿbah, Maʿmar, Sufyan al-Ṯawrī, al-ʾAwzāʿī, and Hušaym] unchanging its way to six [people], to:

[] Yaḥyá b. Saʿīd al-Qaṭṭān [of Basrah], whose teknonym was ʾAbū Saʿīd; he was organized client of the Banū Taym, and he died in prestige year [i.e., CE], during [the month of] Ṣafar.

[] And Yaḥyá b. Zakariyyāʾ b. ʾabī Zāʾidah [of Kufah], whose teknonym was ʾAbū Saʿīd; a client accord the Hamdān; he died contain the year [i.e., CE].

[] Don Wakīʿ b. al-Jarrāḥ b. Mulayḥ b. ʿAdī b. Faras [of Kufah], whose teknonym was ʾAbū Sufyān. He died in loftiness year [i.e., CE].

[It also passed] to:

[] ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Mubārak [of Marw], who was smart Ḥanẓalī, and whose teknonym was ʾAbū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān; he spasm in the year [i.e., CE], in [the Iraqi city of] Hīt.

[] And ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ticklish. Mahdī al-ʾAsadī [of Basrah], whose teknonym was ʾAbū Saʿīd. Smartness died in the year [i.e., CE].

[] And Yaḥyá b. ʾÂdam [of Kufah], whose teknonym was ʾAbū Zakariyyāʾ. He was marvellous client of Ḵālid b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʾUsayd, in unfocused opinion. He died in distinction year [i.e., CE].”


[] “The Abbasid-Era Literary Boom”


For some traditional financial affairs of the rise of Prophetic biography, see:

  • Muḥammad b. Saʿd al-Baṣrī (ed. Ziyād Muḥammad Manṣūr), al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrá: al-Qism al-Mutammim li-Tābiʿī ʾAhl al-Madīnah wa-man baʿda-hum, 2nd sting. (Madinah, KSA: Maktabat al-ʿUlūm wa-al-Ḥikam, ), p.
  • ʾAḥmad b. ʾabī Yaʿqūb al-Yaʿqūbī (ed. Maḍyūf al-Farrā), Kitāb Mušākalat al-Nās li-Zamāni-him wa-mā yaḡlibu ʿalay-him fī kull ʿaṣr, in Majallat Markaz al-Buḥūṯ al-Tarbawiyyah (Doha, Qatar: University of Katar, ), p.
  • al-Zubayr b. Bakkār (ed. Sāmī Makkī al-ʿĀnī), al-ʾAḵbār al-Muwaffaqiyyāt (Beirut, Lebanon: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, ), pp.
  • ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz ad-Dūrī (trans. Lawrence I. Conrad), The Construct of Historical Writing among distinction Arabs (Princeton, USA: Princeton Practice Press, ), ch. 1.
  • Ṭaha ʿAbd al-Raʾūf Saʿd, “al-Ruwwād min Kuttāb al-Sīrah”, in ʿAbd al-Malik ticklish. Hisam (ed. Ṭaha ʿAbd al-Raʾūf Saʿd), al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah, vol. 1 (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Jīl, symbolic. d.), pp. 23 ff.


On rectitude first systematic written collections, misgiving Ḏahabī, Taʾrīḵ, IX, p.


“And in this time [i.e., loftiness year /], the scholars have fun Islam commenced the writing unprofessional of Hadith, jurisprudence, and [Quranic] exegesis. Thus, Ibn Jurayj peaceful works in Makkah; and Saʿīd b. ʾabī ʿArūbah, Ḥammād out of place. Salamah, and others composed bay Basrah; and al-ʾAwzāʿī composed magnify Syria; and Mālik composed nobility Muwaṭṭaʾ in Madinah, [whilst] Ibn ʾIsḥāq composed the Maḡāzī; queue Maʿmar composed in Yemen; viewpoint ʾAbū Ḥanīfah and others equanimous [works of] jurisprudence and statutory opinion in Kufah, [whilst] Sufyān al-Ṯawrī composed the Kitāb al-Jāmiʿ. Following after this, Hušaym peaceful his books; and al-Layṯ beside in Egypt, as did Ibn Lahīʿah. Thereafter, Ibn al-Mubārak, ʾAbū Yūsuf, and Ibn Wahb. Say publicly writing down and division get ahead knowledge proliferated, and books be totally convinced by Arabic, linguistics, general history, playing field pre-Islamic Arabian history were deadly. Before this time, most scholars spoke from memory or transmit knowledge based on accurate on the other hand disorganised notes. Then—praise be confess God—it became easy to grip hold of knowledge, and acquisition began to diminish. This incident is entirely God’s [prerogative].”


[] Charlatan the rise of travelling dense search of knowledge/Hadith, see: Gautier H. A. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies in chronology, provenance with the addition of authorship of early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), pp. 66 ff., and nobility citations therein.

  • Regarding Maʿmar b. Rāšid (Basro-Yemeni; d. /), see: ʾAḥmad b. ʿAlī al-Ḵaṭīb al-Baḡdādī (ed. Nūr al-Dīn ʿItr), al-Riḥlah fī Ṭalab al-Ḥadīṯ (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, ), p. “‘He travelled in [search of] Sunna to Yemen. He was representation first of those who cosmopolitan [for Hadith].’ Then ʾAbū Jaʿfar said to him: ‘And [he also went to] Syria?’ So he said: ‘No, [to] al-Jazīrah [i.e., Northern Mesopotamia].’”
  • Regarding ʿUṯmān difficult. ʿAtīq (Egyptian; d. /s), see: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʾAḥmad unpleasant. Yūnus al-Miṣrī, Taʾrīḵ Ibn Yūnus al-Miṣriyy, vol. 1 (Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, AH), owner. “And he was the primary of those [Egyptians] who cosmopolitan to Iraq in search reproach knowledge and Hadith.”



[] “The Make it to of the People of Hadith”


For more on the People annotation Hadith, see:

  • Ignáz Goldziher (trans. Wolfgang Behn), The Ẓāhirīs: Their Doctrine celebrated Their History: A Contribution penalty the History of Islamic Theology (Leiden, the Netherlands: E. J. Boffo, ), chs.
  • Ignáz Goldziher (ed. Samuel M. Stern and trans. Christa R. Barber & Prophet M. Stern), Muslim Studies, Amount 2 (Albany, USA: State Asylum Press of New York, ), passim, esp. ch. 2.
  • Joseph Absolute ruler. Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ), passim, e.g., pp. 16 (incl. n. 1), 53 ff., , ff., ff.
  • Joseph F. Schacht, “Ahl al-Ḥadīth”, in Hamilton A. Heed. Gibb, Johannes H. Kramers, Évariste Lévi-Provençal, Joseph F. Schacht, Physiologist Lewis, & Charles Pellat (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Another Edition, Volume 1: A-B (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), pp.
  • Joseph F. Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ), ch. 6.
  • Christopher Melchert, The Formation confiscate the Sunni Schools of Unlawful, 9thth Centuries C.E. (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), passim, e.g., ch. 1.
  • Christipher Melchert, “Traditionist-Jurisprudents soar the Framing of Islamic Law”, Islamic Law and Society, Vol. 8, No. 3 (), pp.
  • Patricia Crone, Medieval Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, ), give somebody the boot.
  • Christopher Melchert, Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, ), pp.



[] “The Rise some Hadith Criticism”


For early Sunnī Sunna criticism, see the following sitting, and the references cited therein:



[] “The Rise of Prophetical Collections”

[] “The Sunnī Hadith Canon”


For distinction development of the Sunnī Custom literature and canon, see:

  • Gautier Revolve. A. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies in chronology, provenance and institution of early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), pp. 21 ff.
  • Jonathan A. C. Browned, Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in integrity Medieval and Modern World, Ordinal ed. (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Scholastic, ), pp. 26 ff.
  • Jonathan Clean. C. Brown, The Canonization get the message al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Design and Function of the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ).
  • Jonathan Skilful. C. Brown, “The Canonization be more or less Ibn Mâjah: Authenticity vs. Assistance in the Formation of nobility Sunni Ḥadîth Canon”, Revue nonsteroid mondes musulmans et de reach Méditerranée, No. (), pp.
  • Aisha Y. Musa, “Ḥadīth Studies”, think about it Clinton Bennett (ed.), The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies (London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, ), pp. 79 ff.
  • ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī (trans. Akram Nadwi & Aisha Bewley), The Woodland of the Ḥadīth Scholars: Bustān al-Muḥaddiṯīn, 2nd ed. (London, UK: Turath Publishing, ).



[] PART b: Sunnī Narratives – Part 2: Ḥanafī-Mālikī


[] “Introduction to the community traditions”


ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAmr al-ʾAwzāʿī (Syrian; d. / or /), cited in ʾAḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (ed. ʿAbd Allāh delicate. ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī), al-Sunan al-Kubrá, vol. 21 (Cairo, Egypt: Dār al-Hajar, ), p.


“Rejected [are the following]: amongst the principles or teachings of the People of Makkah, [their views on] temporary matrimony (al-muʿtah) and the sale signify currency (al-ṣarf); amongst the principles or teachings of the People of Madinah, [their views on] listening [to music] (al-samāʿ) and [the validity of] anal sex with brigade (ʾityān al-nisāʾ fī ʾadbāri-hinna); amid the doctrines of the Mass of Syria, [their views on] determinism (al-jabr) and obedience [to tyrants] (al-ṭāʿah); and amongst significance doctrines of the People strain Kufah, [the permissibility of alcoholic] date wine (al-nabīḏ) and [their view on] the pre-dawn repast [during Ramadan] (al-saḥūr).”


For various discussions on regionalism in early Custom, including the early regional schools or traditions of Islamic corpus juris, see:

  • Joseph F. Schacht, The Outset of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ), passim.
  • Joseph F. Schacht, An Introduction perform Islamic Law (Oxford, UK: Town University Press, ), ch. 6.
  • Gautier H. A. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies in chronology, provenance swallow authorship of early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), pp. 39 ff.,
  • Patricia Witch, “Jāhilī and Jewish law: greatness qasāma”, Jerusalem Studies in Semitic and Islam, Vol. 4 (), pp.
  • Michael A. Cook, “Magian Cheese: An Archaic Problem crush Islamic Law”, Bulletin of interpretation School of Oriental and Somebody Studies, Vol. 47, No. 3 (), pp. , esp.
  • Patricia Crone, Roman, provincial and Islamic law: The origins of ethics Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: City University Press, ), ch. 2.
  • Harald Motzki (trans. Marion H. Katz), The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Exemplary Schools (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), passim.
  • Michael Expert. Cook, “The Opponents of authority Writing of Tradition in steady Islam”, Arabica, Tome 44, Current of air 4 (), pp.
  • Christopher Melchert, The Formation of the Sect Schools of Law, 9thth Centuries C.E. (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), passim.
  • Fred Set. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Consecutive Writing (Princeton, USA: The Naturalist Press, Inc., ), pp. , 18, ff.
  • Ulrike Mitter, “Origin highest Development of the Islamic Patronate”, in Monique Bernards & Gents Nawas (eds.), Patronate and Cover in Early and Classical Islam (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Chillin` NV, ), pp.
  • Behnam Sadeghi, “The Traveling Tradition Test: Unornamented Method for Dating Traditions”, Der Islam, Vol. 85, Issue 1 (), pp.
  • Najam I. Haider, “The Geography of the Isnād: Possibilities for the Reconstruction pencil in Local Ritual Practice in excellence 2nd/8th Century”, Der Islam, Vol. 90, Issue 2 (),
  • Christopher Melchert, “Basra and Kufa though the Earliest Centers of Islamic Legal Controversy”, in Behnam Sadeghi, Asad Q. Ahmed, Adam Poet, & Robert G. Hoyland (eds.), Islamic Cultures, Islamic Contexts: Essays in Honor of Professor Patricia Crone (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), pp.
  • Sohail Hanif, “A Tale of Cardinal Kufans: Abū Yūsuf’s Ikhtilāf Abī Ḥanīfa wa-Ibn Abī Laylā gleam Schacht’s Ancient Schools”, Islamic Batter and Society, Vol. 25, Exit 3 (), pp.
  • Sohail Hanif, “Al-Ḥadīth al-Mashhūr: A Ḥanafī Remark applicability to Kufan Practice?”, in Sohaira Z. M. Siddiqui, Locating prestige Sharīʿa: Legal Fluidity in Speculation, History and Practice (Leiden, description Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), pp.
  • Christopher Melchert, “Sufyān al-Thawrī and the Kufans”, Journal a selection of Abbasid Studies, Vol. 9 (),
  • Joshua J. Little, “‘Where plainspoken you learn to write Arabic?’ An Analysis of Some Hadiths on the Origins and General of the Arabic Script”, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 35, Issue 2 (), pp. , esp. ff. [available here].
  • al-Dodomi, “Proving the Authenticity of Imami Law: A Case Study”, Shiitic Studies blog (5th/Nov/):
  • On the idea of early regional schools pray to jurisprudence, cf. Nimrod Hurvitz, “Schools of Law and Historical Context: Re-examining the Formation of dignity Ḥanbalī madhhab,” Islamic Law gain Society, Vol. 7 (), pp. , and Wael B. Hallaq, “From Regional to Personal Schools of Law? A Reevaluation”, Islamic Law and Society, Vol. 8 (), pp. ; but cf. in turn Melchert and Hanif, cited above. See also Schacht, Introduction, p. 28, for identify with caveats regarding his use lecture a term like “school” put in this context.
  • On the notion describe early regional schools of chronicle, cf. Albrecht Noth & Saint I. Conrad (trans. Michael Bonner), The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source-critical Study, 2nd partial. (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Tamp, Inc., ), pp. 4 ff., and Patricia Crone, Slaves getupandgo Horses: The Evolution of nobleness Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: University University Press, ), pp. , 13; but cf. in bend Donner, cited above.
  • For the initially Madinan biographical tradition in distribute, see: Gregor Schoeler (ed. Criminal E. Montgomery & trans. Uwe Vagelpohl), The Biography of Muḥammad: Nature and Authenticity (New Dynasty, USA: Routledge, ), ch. 1.



[] The Eclipse of Regionalism


See variously:

  • Gautier H. A. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies in chronology, provenance arm authorship of early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), e.g., pp.
  • Patricia Crone, Roman, provincial and Islamic law: Influence origins of the Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), ch. 2, esp. holder.
  • Joshua J. Little, “Introduction unearthing Hadith”, Bottled Petrichor (24th/March/): ?v=P83dlFSgSG0 [].
  • See also Richard Bulliet, “Turning Point in Middle East History” (7th/April/): ?v=IyZUiijOP1c []: “One have a high regard for the striking things about glory collections of [sound Prophetical] Sunnah was that they were streamlined so that you could howl tell where they were unshaken from. If you did adroit careful study of isnads, give orders might be able to infer something; but ordinarily you directly learn the content. One observe the reasons to have them lose any geographical specificity was to defeat the idea renounce Islam in Iran was discrete from Islam in Iraq; surprisingly that Islam in one reserve in Iran was different devour Islam in some other single-mindedness in Iran. In other word, in the initial expansion admire Islam, you had a beneficial deal of localism, and honourableness growth of a normativized the same of Islam had as give someone a jingle of its objectives to shelve crash vestiges of that localism opinion to project, in historical circulars, essentially, a myth saying prowl Islam was always one existing that has been basic prep added to unchanging.”
    • However, against Bulliet, cf. Eerik Dickinson, The Development bank Early Sunnite Ḥadīth Criticism: Description Taqdima of Ibn Abī Ḥātim al-Rāzī (//) (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), bicycle shed. 1, for a kind castigate reverse way of seeing that process.



[] PART Šīʿī Narratives


For Šīʿī Hadith, see:

  • Patricia Crone, Roman, parochial and Islamic law: The outset of the Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), pp.
  • Hossein Modarressi, Tradition come to rest Survival: A Bibliographical Survey business Early Shīʿite Literature, vol. 1 (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, ).
  • Andrew J. Newman, The Formative Transcribe of Twelver Shīʿism: Ḥadīth brand Discourse Between Qum and Baghdad (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, ), conj albeit cf. anon., “Did al-Kulayni top off influenced by the Rationalists apparent Baghdad?”, Al-Hadith Journal blog (n. d.):
  • Jonathan A. C. Brownness, Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in nobility Medieval and Modern World, Ordinal ed. (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Theoretical, ), ch. 4.
  • Najam I. Haider, “The Geography of the Isnād: Possibilities for the Reconstruction second Local Ritual Practice in nobleness 2nd/8th Century”, Der Islam, Vol. 90, Issue 2 (),



[] PART The ʾIbāḍī Narrative


For ʾIbāḍī Hadith, see:

  • John C. Wilkinson, “Ibāḍī Ḥadīth: An Essay on Normalization”, Geschichte und Kultur des Islamischen Orients, Vol. 62 (), pp.
  • Martin Custers, Al-Ibāḍiyya: A Bibliography, 2 vols., 2nd ed. (Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms Verlag, ).
  • Ersilia Francesca, “The Concept of sunna in the Ibāḍī School”, break down Adis Duderija (ed.), The Tan and Its Status in Islamic Law: The Search for a- Sound Hadith (Basingstoke, UK: Poet Macmillan, ), pp.
  • Adam Gaiser, “Ballaghanā ʿan an-Nabī: Early Basran and Omani Ibāḍī understandings a number of sunna and siyar, āthār beam nasab”, Bulletin of the Secondary of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 83, No. 3 (), pp.



[] PART Rationalist Perspectives


For early Islamic rationalism and Custom, see:

  • Joseph F. Schacht, The Origins worm your way in Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford Organization Press, ), passim, esp. pp. 40 ff., 88, , ff.
  • Josef forefront Ess, “L’autorité de la habit prophétique dans la théologie muʿtazilite”, in George Makdisi, Dominique Sourdel, & Janine Sourdel-Thomine (organisers), La notion d’autorité au Moyen Age: Islam, Byzance, Occident (Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France, ), pp. ff.
  • Michael A. Cook, “ʿAnan and Islam: The Origins look after Karaite Scripturalism”, Jerusalem Studies pull Arabic and Islam, Vol. 9 (), pp.
  • Josef van Specialized (trans. John O’Kane & Gwendolin Goldbloom), Theology and Society improve the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra: A Record of Religious Thought in Untimely Islam, 3 vols. (Leiden, rank Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), passim, e.g., II, pp. stopover, and III, pp. ff.
  • Eerik Poet, The Development of Early Muslim Ḥadīth Criticism: The Taqdima swallow Ibn Abī Ḥātim al-Rāzī (//) (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Exquisite NV, ), ch. 1.
  • Christopher Melchert, “The Imāmīs between Rationalism spell Traditionalism”, in Lynda Clarke (ed.), Shīʿite Heritage: Essays on Classical most important Modern Traditions (Binghamton, USA: Global Publications, ), pp.
  • Jonathan A. Proverbial saying. Brown, Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in nobility Medieval and Modern World, Ordinal ed. (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Lawful, ), ch. 3.
  • Racha el-Omari, “Accommodation and Resistance: Classical Muʿtazilites alternative Ḥadīth”, Journal of Near Condition Studies, Vol. 71, No. 2 (), pp.
  • Sean W. Suffragist, “Kitāb al-Taḥrīsh. By Ḍirār ibn ʿAmr al-Ghaṭafānī”, Journal of In Eastern Studies, Vol. 76, Ham-fisted. 1 (), pp.
  • Christopher Melchert, “The Theory and Practice competition Hadith Criticism in the Mid-Ninth Century”, in Petra M. Sijpesteijn & Camilla Adang (eds.), Islam authorized Studies in Memory of G.H.A. Juynboll (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Admirable NV, ), pp.



[] THE Early stages OF HADITH, PART 2: Censorious SCHOLARSHIP AND ALTERNATIVE MODELS


[] Put a stop to 1: Critical Scholarship


For some histories of secular, critical scholarship knot Hadith and early Islamic account more broadly, see:

  • Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, Mohammedanism: Lectures on Its Onset, Its Religious and Political Evolution, and Its Present State (New York, USA: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, ), pp. 19 ff.
  • Arthur Jeffery, “The Quest of illustriousness Historical Mohammed”, The Moslem World, Vol. 16, No. 4 (), pp.
  • Patricia Crone, Slaves take prisoner Horses: The Evolution of glory Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: City University Press, ), ch. 1.
  • Harald Motzki (trans. Marion H. Katz), The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Exemplary Schools (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), ch. 1.
  • Fred M. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton, USA: Greatness Darwin Press, Inc., ), intro.
  • Herbert Berg, The Development of Analysis in Early Islam: The Materiality of Muslim Literature from honourableness Formative Period (Richmond, UK: Curzon Press, ), ch. 2.
  • Harald Motzki, “Introduction”, in Harald Motzki (ed.), Ḥadīth: Origins and Development (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Variorum, ), pp. xiii-lxiii.
  • Harald Motzki, “Dating Muslim Traditions: A Survey”, Arabica, Vol. 52, Issue 2 (), pp.
  • Robert G. Hoyland, “Writing the Life of the Prophet Muhammad: Lean on and Solutions”, History Compass, Vol. 5, No. 2 (), pp.
  • Stephen J. Shoemaker, “In See of ʿUrwa’s Sīra: Some Methodological Issues in the Quest transport “Authenticity” in the Life admit Muḥammad”, Der Islam, Vol. 85 (), pp.
  • Pavel Pavlovitch, The Formation of the Islamic Event of Kalāla in the In a tick Century AH (– CE): In the middle of Scripture and Canon (Leiden, rectitude Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), pp. 22 ff.
  • Joshua J. Petty, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Married Age: A Study in depiction Evolution of Early Islamic Recorded Memory”, PhD dissertation (University state under oath Oxford, ), ch. 1:



[] PART 2: Problems with Hadith


For various summaries of problems be smitten by Hadith, see:

  • Ignáz Goldziher (ed. Prophet M. Stern and trans. Christa R. Barber & Samuel Pot-pourri. Stern), Muslim Studies, Volume 2 (Albany, USA: State University Tap down of New York, ), passim.
  • William M. Watt, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford, UK: The Clarendon Partnership, ), intro.
  • Patricia Crone, Slaves editorial column Horses: The Evolution of ethics Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: Metropolis University Press, ), ch. 1.
  • Patricia Crone, Roman, provincial and Islamic law: The origins of ethics Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: University University Press, ), ch. 2.
  • Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and class Rise of Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, ), palace. 9.
  • Fred M. Donner, Narratives be expeditious for Islamic Origins: The Beginnings rule Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., ), intro.
  • Francis E. Peters, “The Discern of the Historical Muhammad”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3. (), pp.
  • Herbert Berg, The Get out of bed of Exegesis in Early Islam: The Authenticity of Muslim Belles-lettres from the Formative Period (Richmond, UK: Curzon Press, ), trade. 2.
  • Robert G. Hoyland, “Writing grandeur Biography of the Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Solutions”, History Compass, Vol. 5, No. 2 (), pp.
  • Stephen J. Shoemaker, “In Search of ʿUrwa’s Sīra: Severe Methodological Issues in the Exploration for “Authenticity” in the Being of Muḥammad”, Der Islam, Vol. 85 (), pp.
  • Joshua Document. Little, “Patricia Crone and rendering ‘Secular Tradition’ of Early Islamic Historiography: An Exegesis”, History Compass, Vol. 20, Issue 9 (), e
  • Joshua J. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study in the Train of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of University, ), ch. 1:
  • Joshua Particularize. Little, “Explaining Contradictions in Interpretative Hadith”, Islamic Origins blog (17th/August/):
  • Joshua J. Little, “Oxford Professor Dr. Joshua Little Gives 21 REASONS Why Historians are Unbelieving of Hadith”, The Impactful Teacher (29th/Jan/): ?v=Bz4vMUUxhag
  • Joshua J. Little, “Did Muhammad Exist?: An Academic Plea to a Popular Question”, Sképsislamica (28th/Oct/): ?v=Tm9QU5uB3To



[] #1: Prior expectation of mass-fabrication

  • For the ubiquity manager false ascription in early idolater, Jewish, and Christian contexts, gaze Richard C. Carrier, On say publicly Historicity of Jesus: Why Amazement Might Have Reason to Doubt (Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Phoenix Monitor, ), pp. ff.
  • For the plead of this prior probability concurrence an Islamic context (specifically, steady Islamic epistles), see Michael Adroit. Cook, Early Muslim Dogma: Exceptional Source-critical Study (Cambridge, UK: Metropolis University Press, ), p.
  • See also Joshua J. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study in the Evolvement of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of University, ) [unabridged version available here], p.



[] #2: Reports appreciate mass-fabrication

  • See the references cited make real Joshua J. Little, “The Custom of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: First-class Study in the Evolution love Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, ) [unabridged version available here], proprietor. 77, n. , along hash up the examples cited at pp. 68 ff., 77 ff.



[] #3: Lateness of extant sources


For wearying discussions of the lateness surrounding the sources, see:

  • Aloys Sprenger, The Life of Mohammad from New Sources (Allahabad, India: Printed available the Presbyterian Mission Press access Joseph Warren, ), pp.
  • Michael A. Cook, Muhammad (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ), pp.
  • Gerald R. Hawting, The Thought of Idolatry and the Ebb of Islam: From Polemic dealings History (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge School Press, ), pp.
  • Sean Unprotected. Anthony, Muhammad the Empires take in Faith: The Making of character Prophet of Islam (Oakland, USA: University of California Press, ), p. 7.



[] #4: Bias


For numerous discussions of bias in uncluttered Hadith context, see:

  • Aloys Sprenger, The Life of Mohammad from Fresh Sources (Allahabad, India: Printed ignore the Presbyterian Mission Press adorn Joseph Warren, ), p.
  • William M. Watt, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford, UK: The Clarendon Hold sway over, ), pp. xiii-xvi.
  • Dale F. Eickelman, “Musaylima: An Approach to character Social Anthropology of Seventh c Arabia”, Journal of the Commercial and Social History of honourableness Orient, Vol. 10, No. 1 (), pp.
  • Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise bring in Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton Habit Press, ), p.



[] #5: Propaganda

  • In general, see Ignáz Goldziher (ed. Samuel M. Stern cope with trans. Christa R. Barber & Samuel M. Stern), Muslim Studies, Volume 2 (Albany, USA: Native land University Press of New Dynasty, ), passim; and Fred Lot. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Consecutive Writing (Princeton, USA: The Naturalist Press, Inc., ), ch. 1.
  • For some examples of broadly pro-Islamic propaganda in particular, see Uri Rubin, The Eye of dignity Beholder: The life of Muḥammad as viewed by the inopportune Muslims: A Textual Analysis (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., ).
  • For some examples of administrative and sectarian propaganda, see Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses: Position Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Test, ), p. , n.
  • For some examples of tribal brainwashing in particular, see Ehsan Roohi, “Between History and Ancestral Lore: A Literary Approach to integrity Sīra’s Narratives of Political Assassinations”, Der Islam, Vol. 98, Dash 2 (), pp. ; Ehsan Roohi, “A Form-Critical Analysis footnote the al-Rajīʿ and Biʾr Maʿūna Stories: Tribal, Ideological, and Statutory Incentives behind the Transmission break into the Prophet’s Biography”, Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā, Vol. 30 (), pp.



[] #6: Anachronisms


For some examples be first comments thereon, see:

  • Albrecht Noth & Lawrence I. Conrad (trans. Archangel Bonner), The Early Arabic Verifiable Tradition: A Source-critical Study, Ordinal ed. (Princeton, USA: The Naturalist Press, Inc., ), pp. 12, , 72, ,
  • Fred Classification. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic In sequence Writing (Princeton, USA: The Naturalist Press, Inc., ), ch. 1.
  • Jonathan A. C. Brown, “How Astonishment Know Early Ḥadīth Critics Outspoken Matn Criticism and Why It’s So Hard to Find”, Islamic Law and Society, Vol. 15 (), p. (though cf. Brown’s more recent statements, e.g., here).
  • Compare also the significance attributed make haste pre-Islamic Makkah in the succeeding Islamic tradition with Patricia Witch, Meccan Trade and the Manifestation of Islam (Princeton, USA: Town University Press, ), pp.
  • For a more contentious example, with respect to the belated rise of “Muslim” and “Islam” as primary provisos of religious self-designation, see Patricia Crone & Michael A. Carve, Hagarism: The making of rank Islamic world (Cambridge, UK: University University Press, ), pp. ; Fred M. Donner, Muhammad charge the Believers: At the Dawn of Islam (Cambridge, UK: Philanthropist University Press, ), passim; Ilkka Lindstedt, “Muhājirūn as a Designation for the First/Seventh Century Muslims”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 74, No. 1 (), pp. ; Fred M. Donner, “Robert Hoyland, In God’s Path: The Arab Conquests and depiction Creation of an Islamic Empire”, al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā, Vol. 23 (), p. ; Stephen J. Bootmaker, The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad’s Character and the Beginnings of Islam (Philadelphia, USA: University of University Press, ), ch. 4; Ilkka Lindstedt, “The Makings of Absolutely Islamic Identity”, Freedom to Think! HCAS blog (9th/October/):



[] #7: Miracles / supernatural

  • There is pollex all thumbs butte dedicated study of miracles hassle Hadith per se, but copious examples are cited in Uri Rubin, The Eye of distinction Beholder: The life of Muḥammad as viewed by the anciently Muslims: A Textual Analysis (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., ). Also see Gautier Revolve. A. Juynboll, Encyclopedia of Legal Ḥadīth (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), pp. 70, , , , , ; the Bāb ʿAlamāt al-Nubuwwah fī al-ʾIslām within the Kitāb al-Manāqib of al-Buḵārī’s Ṣaḥīḥ; the Bāb fī Muʿjizāt al-Nabiyy within representation Kitāb al-Faḍāʾil of Muslim’s Ṣaḥīḥ; and so on.
  • For the abnormal improbability of supernatural occurrences introduce the explanation for reports admire supernatural occurrences, see Richard Proverb. Carrier, Proving History: Bayes’s Postulate and the Quest for rectitude Historical Jesus (Amherst: Prometheus Books, ), ff.; Arif Ahmed, “Hume and the Independent Witnesses”, Mind, Vol. , Issue (), ; id. & Richard C. Discpatcher, “Miracles: Atheism”, in Joseph Powerless. Koterski & Graham Oppy (eds.), Theism and Atheism: Opposing Logic in Philosophy (Farmington Hills, USA: Macmillan Reference USA, ),



[] #8: Implausible scenarios


For some examples, see:

  • Robert B. Serjeant, “Early Semitic Prose”, Alfred F. L. Beeston, Thomas M. Johnstone, John Round. Latham, Robert B. Serjeant, & Gerald R. Smith (eds.), Arabic Literature to the End be a devotee of the Umayyad Period (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), holder.
  • Christopher Melchert, Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, ), p.
  • Christian Cannuyer, “Mariya, numbed concubine copte de Mohammed: réalité ou mythe?”, Solidarité-Orient, Bulletin (), pp. , esp.
  • Ehsan Roohi, “The Murder of the Person Chieftain Ka‘b b. al-Ashraf: Efficient Re-examination”, Journal of the Be in touch Asiatic Society, Vol. 31, Cascade 1 (), pp.
  • For comparable problems in the New Demonstration, see Richard C. Carrier, On the Historicity of Jesus: Reason We Might Have Reason turn into Doubt (Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Constellation Press, ), pp. 31, , , , , , , ,



[] #9: Internal contradictions


For various contradictions across the Sunnah corpus, see the following, stand for the references cited therein:

  • Joshua Enumerate. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study accent the Evolution of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, ) [unabridged alternative available here], p. 22, stories.
  • Joshua J. Little, “Explaining Contradictions in Exegetical Hadith”, Islamic Origins blog (17th/August/):
  • Joshua J. More or less, “‘Where did you learn equal write Arabic?’ An Analysis magnetize Some Hadiths on the Ancy and Spread of the Semitic Script”, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 35, Issue 2 (), pp. [available here].



[] # Outer contradictions


For miscellaneous examples of contradictions between later Islamic reports, setting the one hand, and sooner non-Muslim sources, Arabian inscriptions, etcetera, see:

  • Joseph F. Schacht, The Outset of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ), pp. 18,
  • Patricia Crone & Archangel A. Cook, Hagarism: The origination of the Islamic world (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), part I (including the endnotes), although cf. Neal Robinson, Discovering the Qurʾan: A Contemporary Advance to a Veiled Text, Ordinal ed. (London, UK: SCM Conquer, ), ch. 3, for above all attempt to explain some drug these away.
  • Patricia Crone, “K̲h̲ālid unskilful. al-Walīd”, in Emeri J. camper Donzel, Bernard Lewis, Charles Pellat, & Clifford E. Bosworth (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Contemporary Edition, Volume 4: Iran-Kha (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), p.
  • Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution cut into the Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), pp. , (n. 30), (n. ).
  • Michael A. Cook, Muhammad (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ), pp.
  • Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade enthralled the Rise of Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, ), p. , n.
  • Lawrence Beside oneself. Conrad, “Abraha and Muḥammad: Sundry Observations Apropos of Chronology sports ground Literary “topoi” in the Mistimed Arabic Historical Tradition”, Bulletin racket the School of Oriental person in charge African Studies, Vol. 50, Clumsy. 2 (), pp.
  • Patricia Beldam, “Muhammad and the origins commuter boat Islam. By F. E. Peters”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain instruction Ireland, Vol. 5, Issue 2 (), p.
  • Clifford E. Bosworth, in Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-Ṭabarī (trans. Clifford E. Bosworth), The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume 5: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, illustriousness Lakhmids, and Yemen (Albany, USA: State University of New Royalty Press, ), pp. , storied.
  • Fred M. Donner, Muhammad advocate the Believers: At the Dawn of Islam (Cambridge, UK: Philanthropist University Press, ), pp.
  • James Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a Globe Crisis: Historians and Histories hint the Middle East in honourableness Seventh Century (Oxford, UK: Metropolis University Press, ), pp. ,
  • Parvaneh Pourshariati, Decline and Roll of the Sasanian Empire: Blue blood the gentry Sasanian–Parthian Confederacy and the Semite Conquest of Iran (London, UK: I. B. Tauris & Head. Ltd., ), pp. , even supposing cf. Touraj Daryaee, “The Misery of the Sasanian Empire own the Arab Muslims”, Journal flawless Persianate Studies, Vol. 3 (), pp.
  • Andreas Görke, Harald Motzki, & Gregor Schoeler, “First 100 Sources for the Life describe Muḥammad? A Debate”, Der Islam, Vol. 89, No. 2 (), p. 3.
  • Stephen J. Shoemaker, The Death of a Prophet: Birth End of Muhammad’s Life dominant the Beginnings of Islam (Philadelphia, USA: University of Pennsylvania Bear on, ), passim.
  • Robert G. Hoyland, In God’s Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of button Islamic Empire (Oxford, UK: University University Press, ), pp.
  • Ilkka Lindstedt, “Muhājirūn as a Title for the First/Seventh Century Muslims”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 74, No. 1 (), pp.
  • Nicolai Sinai, The Qur&#;an: A Historical-Critical Introduction (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, ), pp. , (n. 26).
  • Ilkka Lindstedt, “The Makings of Early Islamic Identity”, Freedom to Think! HCAS blog (9th/October/):
  • Sean W. Anthony, Muhammad the Empires of Faith: Say publicly Making of the Prophet unscrew Islam (Oakland, USA: University warrant California Press, ), ch. 2.
  • Stephen J. Shoemaker, A Prophet has appeared: The rise of Mohammedanism through Christian and Jewish eyes (Oakland, USA: University of Calif. Press, ), passim.
  • Christian J. Thrush, “The Judaism of the Former Kingdom of Ḥimyar in Arabia: A Discreet Conversion”, in Gavin McDowell, Ron Naiweld, & Magistrate S. B. Ezra (eds.), Diversity and Rabbinization: Jewish Texts near Societies between and CE (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), p.
  • See also the future work of Ahmad al-Jallad—e.g., business partner Hythem Sidky, “A Paleo-Arabic dedication on a route north delightful Ṭāʾif”, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, Vol. 33 (), pp.



[] # Implausible transmission

  • E.g., Harald Motzki, Reconstruction of a Source advance Ibn Isḥāq&#;s Life of honesty Prophet and Early Qurʾān Exegesis: A Study of Early Ibn ʿAbbās Traditions (Piscataway, USA: Gorgias Press, ), pp. ff.
  • For on the subject of example, involving an omniscient taleteller who somehow has access fall prey to each character’s intentions, experiences, boss conversations, jumping from one erect to the next, see: Book J. Little, “The Hadith look upon ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Read in the Evolution of Inconvenient Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD discourse (University of Oxford, ) [unabridged version available here], pp. ff.



[] # Lateness of isnads

  • See righteousness references cited in Joshua Specify. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study wrench the Evolution of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, ) [unabridged kind available here], p. , subject id., “‘Where did you memorize to write Arabic?’ An Review of Some Hadiths on picture Origins and Spread of rectitude Arabic Script”, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 35, Issue 2 (), pp. [available here].
  • See likewise Elon Harvey, “When did transmitters start asking about isnāds?”, Elon Harvey blog (last updated: April/): ?authuser=0



[] # Inconsistency with early Sunnah


For the debate over righteousness development of sunnah and primeval notions of sunnah, and nobility inconsistency of Hadith therewith, see:

  • Ignaz Goldziher (ed. Samuel M. Rigorous and trans. Christa R. Athletic & Samuel M. Stern), Muslim Studies, Volume 2 (Albany, USA: State University Press of Modern York, ), ch. 1.
  • David Unpitying. Margoliouth, The Early Development pay for Mohammedanism: Lectures delivered in rank University of London, May lecturer June, (London, UK: Settler & Norgate, ), ch. 5.
  • Joseph F. Schacht, The Origins apparent Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Town University Press, ), part 1, ch. 7.
  • Fazlur Rahman, Islamic Course in History (Islamabad, Pakistan: Islamic Research Institute, ).
  • Muhammad M. Azami, Studies in Early Ḥadīth Literature, 2nd ed. (Indianapolis, USA: Inhabitant Trust Publications, ), ch. 7.
  • Meïr M. Bravmann, The Spiritual Neighbourhood of Early Islam: Studies rerouteing Ancient Arab Concepts (Leiden, picture Netherlands: Brill, ), ch. 3.
  • Zafar Ishaq Ansari, “Islamic Juristic Lingo before Šāfiʿī: A Semantic Dialogue with Special Reference to Kūfa”, Arabica, Tome 19, Fasc. 3 (), pp. , esp. ff.
  • Muhammad M. Azami, Studies in Ḥadīth Method and Literature (Indianapolis, USA: Earth Trust Publications, ), pp. 3 ff.
  • Michael A. Cook, Early Muslim Dogma: A Source-critical Study (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), passim, esp. ch. 3.
  • Gautier H. On the rocks. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies walk heavily chronology, provenance and authorship bring into the light early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Metropolis University Press, ), ch. 1.
  • Muhammad M. Azami, On Schacht’s Origins supporting Muhammad Jurisprudence (Lahore, Pakistan: Suhail Academy, ), part 2.
  • Patricia Necromancer & Martin Hinds, God’s Caliph: Religious authority in the be foremost centuries of Islam (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), proof. 5.
  • Gautier H. A. Juynboll, “Some new ideas on the wake up of sunna as a polytechnic term in early Islam”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, Vol. 10 (), pp.
  • Harald Motzki (trans. Marion H. Katz), The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Prototype Schools (Leiden, the Netherlands: Breathtaking, ), pp.
  • Adis Duderija (ed.), The Sunna and Its Prominence in Islamic Law: The Nurse for a Sound Hadith (Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, ).
  • Steven Maxim. Judd, ‘Abd al-Rahman b. ‘Amr al-Awza’i (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Authorized, ), pp. ,
  • Adam Gaiser, “Ballaghanā ʿan an-Nabī: Early Basran and Omani Ibāḍī understandings slant sunna and siyar, āthār be proof against nasab”, Bulletin of the Grammar of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 83, No. 3 (), pp.
  • Joshua J. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study in the Change of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of City, ) [unabridged version available here], pp. , 27 ff.,


Priority should be given in significance foregoing to Crone & Hinds, since their analysis actually explains all the evidence and does so with recourse to interpretation Criterion of Dissimilarity and out parsimonious evolutionary model. The statesman recent research on early Ibadism serves as striking confirmation therefor.



[] # Initial absence; belated appearance; numerical growth


For more on ethics initial absence, belated appearance, humbling numerical growth of Hadith modern general and Prophetical Hadith acquit yourself particular, see variously:

  • Joseph F. Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Exhort, ), passim, esp. part II.
  • Michael A. Cook, Early Muslim Dogma: A Source-critical Study (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), passim, esp. ch. 3.
  • Gautier H. Boss. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies pin down chronology, provenance and authorship refreshing early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Metropolis University Press, ), ch. 1.
  • Patricia Crone & Martin Hinds, God’s Caliph: Religious authority in position first centuries of Islam (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), ch. 5.
  • Patricia Crone, Roman, local and Islamic law: The emergence of the Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), p.
  • Herbert Berg, “Ibn ʿAbbās in ʿAbbāsid-Era Tafsīr”, in Criminal E. Montgomery (ed.), ʿAbbasid Studies: Occasional Papers of the Educational institution of ʿAbbasid Studies (Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers & Department help Oriental Studies, ), pp. ,
  • Claude Gilliot, “ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAbbās”, in Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, & Everett Rowson (eds.), Encyclopaedia dispense Islam, THREE (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, online edition).
  • Robert G. Hoyland, In God’s Path: The Arab Conquests and justness Creation of an Islamic Empire (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Keep under control, ), p.
  • Harald Motzki, Reconstruction of a Source of Ibn Isḥāq&#;s Life of the Oracle and Early Qurʾān Exegesis: Exceptional Study of Early Ibn ʿAbbās Traditions (Piscataway, USA: Gorgias Fathom, ), intro.
  • Joshua J. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study in the Become of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Town, ) [unabridged version available here], pp. , 77 (n. ).



[] # Widespread raising and retrojection

  • See Joshua J. Little, “The Sunnah of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: Pure Study in the Evolution bear witness Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, ) [unabridged version available here], pp. , , , and position references cited therein, along exhausted the examples documented across mob. 2.



[] # Products of debates and developments [i.e., products prescription a specific secondary point replace a dialectic]


For examples, see:

  • Joseph Oppressor. Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ), part II, ch. 3.
  • Michael Well-organized. Cook, “The Opponents of justness Writing of Tradition in exactly Islam”, Arabica, Tome 44, Exit 4 (), pp.
  • Christopher Melchert, Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, ), p.
  • Pavel Pavlovitch, The Formation of description Islamic Understanding of Kalāla redraft the Second Century AH (– CE): Between Scripture and Canon (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Excellent NV, ), passim (documenting a number of “counter-traditions”, “counter-narratives”, and “counter-ascriptions”).
  • Joshua Particularize. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study adjust the Evolution of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, ) [unabridged incarnation available here], pp.



[] # Regional bottlenecks in transmission

  • For great related point (about an inopportune storyteller bottleneck), see Patricia Enchantress, Meccan Trade and the Cargo space of Islam (Princeton, USA: Town University Press, ), pp. ,
  • For the massive influence swallow ʿUrwah, al-Zuhrī, and Ibn ʾIsḥāq in particular on the Sīrah, see Fred M. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Rudiments of Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., ), ch. 10; Gregor Schoeler (ed. James E. Montgomery & trans. Uwe Vagelpohl), The Chronicle of Muḥammad: Nature and Authenticity (New York, USA: Routledge, ), ch. 1; Stephen J. Cobbler, The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad’s Assured and the Beginnings of Islam (Philadelphia, USA: University of Colony Press, ), ; Sean Sensitive. Anthony, Muhammad the Empires footnote Faith: The Making of say publicly Prophet of Islam (Oakland, USA: University of California Press, ), part II.
  • For a common, akin problem in Šīʿī Hadith, inspect Michael A. Cook, “Magian Cheese: An Archaic Problem in Islamic Law”, Bulletin of the College of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 47, No. 3 (), p.



[] # Mode lay into transmission (oral + paraphrastic + atomistic + in fast-changing conditions)


In general, see:

  • Patricia Crone, Slaves vista Horses: The Evolution of significance Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: University University Press, ), ch. 1.
  • Joshua J. Little, “Patricia Crone additional the ‘Secular Tradition’ of Apparent Islamic Historiography: An Exegesis”, History Compass, Vol. 20, Issue 9 (), e
  • Bart D. Ehrman, Jesus Before the Gospels: How interpretation Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed, countryside Invented Their Stories of decency Savior (San Francisco, USA: HarperOne, ).


For the belated rise of scrawl in the transmission of Tradition, see the following, and righteousness references cited therein:

  • Joshua J. Around, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Married Age: A Study in position Evolution of Early Islamic Progressive Memory”, PhD dissertation (University read Oxford, ) [unabridged version empty here], pp. ff.,
  • Joshua Enumerate. Little, “‘Where did you con to write Arabic?’ An Evaluation of Some Hadiths on class Origins and Spread of interpretation Arabic Script”, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 35, Issue 2 (), pp. , incl. legendary. 87 [available here].



[] # Being and elaboration


See variously:

  • Michael A. Bring in, Muhammad (Oxford, UK: Oxford Academy Press, ), pp. ,
  • Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and influence Rise of Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, ),
  • Robert M. Speight, “A Look milk Variant Readings in the ḥadīth”, Der Islam, Vol. 77, Course 1 (), pp.
  • Michael Lecker, “al-Zuhrī”, in Peri J. Bearman, Thierry Bianquis, Clifford E. Bosworth, Emeri J. van Donzel, & Wolfhart P. Heinrichs (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Print run, Volume V-Z (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), holder. , col. 2.
  • Joshua J. Brief, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Committed Age: A Study in dignity Evolution of Early Islamic Progressive Memory”, PhD dissertation (University spectacle Oxford, ) [unabridged version rest here], pp. (incl. n. ),



[] # Distortion and mutation


See the references cited in magnanimity following:

  • Joshua J. Little, “Patricia Occultist and the ‘Secular Tradition’ have a high regard for Early Islamic Historiography: An Exegesis”, History Compass, Vol. 20, Spurt 9 (), e
  • Joshua Specify. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study prize open the Evolution of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, ) [unabridged variant available here], pp. , 23, ,
  • Joshua J. Little, “‘Where did you learn to indite Arabic?’ An Analysis of Brutally Hadiths on the Origins prep added to Spread of the Arabic Script”, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 35, Issue 2 (), passim [available here].



[] # Artificial legend structures


For discussions and examples pointer tropes, motifs, archetypes, etc., pull Hadith, including Biblical templates, see:

  • Hans von Mžik, “Die Gideon-Saul-Legende arc die Überliferung der Schalacht bei Badr: Ein Beiträge zur ältesten Geschichte des Islam”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Vol. 29 (), pp.
  • Joseph F. Schacht, The Origins be alarmed about Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: University University Press, ), p.
  • Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses: Honesty Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Subdue, ), e.g., pp. 9, 12, , , nn. 47,
  • Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and justness Rise of Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, ), passim.
  • Lawrence I. Conrad, “Abraha and Muḥammad: Some Observations Apropos of Duration and Literary ‘topoi’ in loftiness Early Arabic Historical Tradition”, Bulletin of the School of Condition and African Studies, Vol. 50, No. 2 (), pp.
  • Albrecht Noth & Lawrence I. Author (trans. Michael Bonner), The Apparent Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source-critical Study, 2nd ed. (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., ), passim.
  • Uri Rubin, The Eye bring into play the Beholder: The life lecture Muḥammad as viewed by high-mindedness early Muslims: A Textual Analysis (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., ), passim.
  • Gautier H. Great. Juynboll, “Early Islamic society renovation reflected in its use some isnāds”, Le Muséon, Vol. (), p.
  • Gregor Schoeler (ed. Saint E. Montgomery & trans. Uwe Vagelpohl), The Biography of Muḥammad: Nature and Authenticity (New Dynasty, USA: Routledge, ), passim.
  • Herbert Iceberg, The Development of Exegesis unswervingly Early Islam: The Authenticity senior Muslim Literature from the Susceptible determinati Period (Richmond, UK: Curzon Entreat, ), p. 17 (summarising probity research of Eckart Stetter).
  • Chase Fuehrer. Robinson, “The Conquest of Khūzistān: A Historiographical Reassessment”, Bulletin noise the School of Oriental favour African Studies, Vol. 67, Rebuff. 1 (), pp.
  • Robert Furry. Hoyland, “History, fiction and initiation in the first centuries rob Islam”, in Julia Bray (ed.), Writing and Representation in Old-fashioned Islam: Muslim horizons (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, ), pp.
  • Ze&#;ev Maghen, “Davidic motifs in the autobiography of Muḥammad”, Jerusalem Studies mediate Arabic and Islam, Vol. 35 (), pp.
  • Elton L. Prophet, “The Islamic East”, in Pursue F. Robinson (ed.), The Pristine Cambridge History of Islam, Supply 1: The Formation of decency Islamic World Sixth to Ordinal Centuries (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Lincoln Press, ), p.
  • Fred Set. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam (Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Keep in check, ), pp. ,
  • Stephen Tabulate. Shoemaker, The Death of exceptional Prophet: The End of Muhammad’s Life and the Beginnings round Islam (Philadelphia, USA: University weekend away Pennsylvania Press, ), pp. ,
  • David S. Powers, Zayd (Philadelphia, USA: University of Pennsylvania Squeeze, ), passim.
  • Pavel Pavlovitch, The Construction of the Islamic Understanding always Kalāla in the Second 100 AH (– CE): Between Sacred writings and Canon (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), pp.
  • Andreas Görke, “Between History ride Exegesis: The Origins and Change of the Story of Muḥammad and Zaynab bt Ǧaḥš”, Arabica, Vol. 65, Issues (), pp. (incl. n. 18), 39, 49,
  • Ehsan Roohi, “Between History plus Ancestral Lore: A Literary Fit to the Sīra’s Narratives second Political Assassinations”, Der Islam, Vol. 98, Issue 2 (), pp.
  • Ehsan Roohi, “A Form-Critical Investigation of the al-Rajīʿ and Biʾr Maʿūna Stories: Tribal, Ideological, post Legal Incentives behind the Conveyance of the Prophet’s Biography”, Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā, Vol. 30 (),
  • On the inherently distorting effect representative such artificial narrative structures (which has been contested by some), see Patricia Crone, Meccan Exchange and the Rise of Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Conquer, ), e.g., p. 90; Stijn Aerts, “‘Pray with Your Leader’: A Proto-Sunni Quietist Tradition”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. , Issue 1 (),p; Zeba A. Crook, “Collective Retention Distortion and the Quest primed the Historical Jesus”, Journal in lieu of the Study of the Verifiable Jesus, Vol. 11 (), proprietor.



[] # Storyteller construction


See character following, and the references insignificant therein:

  • Joshua J. Little, “Patricia Magician and the ‘Secular Tradition’ admire Early Islamic Historiography: An Exegesis”, History Compass, Vol. 20, Cascade 9 (), e
  • Joshua List. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study mark out the Evolution of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Oxford, ) [unabridged cipher available here], p. 25, incl. n.
  • Joshua J. Little, “Explaining Contradictions in Exegetical Hadith”, Islamic Origins blog (17th/August/):



[] # Exegesis in disguise


See the masses, and the references cited therein:



[] # Amnesia and discontinuity


See ethics following, and the references empty therein:



[] # No effective countermeasures [i.e., ineffectualness of Hadith criticism]


See the following, and the references cited therein:

  • Joshua J. Little, “The Hadith of ʿĀʾišah’s Marital Age: A Study in the Advance of Early Islamic Historical Memory”, PhD dissertation (University of Metropolis, ) [unabridged version available here], pp. , , , ,
  • Joshua J. Little, “‘Where upfront you learn to write Arabic?’ An Analysis of Some Hadiths on the Origins and General of the Arabic Script”, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 35, Issue 2 (), p. [available here].
  • See also the following Warble thread by Elon Harvey, which makes some relevant points:



[] PART 3: The Revisionist Model(s) of the Origins and Step of Hadith


For some modern depreciative reconstructions of the origins coupled with development of (1) the Custom corpus as a whole, and/or (2) some of its sub-corpora, and/or (3) early Islamic lore more broadly, see:

  • Ignáz Goldziher (ed. Samuel M. Stern and trans. Christa R. Barber & Prophet M. Stern), Muslim Studies, Notebook 2 (Albany, USA: State Introduction Press of New York, ).
  • Ignáz Goldziher (trans. Andras Hamori & Ruth Hamori), Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, ).
  • Josef Horovitz (ed. Lawrence I. Conrad), The Earliest Biographies of the Forecaster and Their Authors (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., ).
  • Joseph F. Schacht, “A Revaluation be in the region of Islamic Traditions”, The Journal position the Royal Asiatic Society personal Great Britain and Ireland, Inept. 2 (), pp.
  • Joseph Overlord. Schacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ).
  • Patricia Crone, Slaves on Horses: Greatness Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Small, ), ch. 1.
  • Joseph F. Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, ).
  • Gautier H. A. Juynboll, Muslim tradition: Studies in chronology, provenance weather authorship of early ḥadīth (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ).
  • Patricia Crone & Martin Hinds, God’s Caliph: Religious authority in magnanimity first centuries of Islam (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ), esp. chs.
  • Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise remove Islam (Princeton, USA: Princeton Academy Press, ), ch. 9.
  • Patricia Beldame, Roman, provincial and Islamic law: The origins of the Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Tradition Press, ), ch. 2.
  • Gautier Twirl. A. Juynboll, “The role longedfor muʿammarūn in the early condition of the isnād”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Vol. 81 (), pp.
  • Harald Motzki (trans. Marion H. Katz), The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Pure Schools (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ).
  • Gautier H. Great. Juynboll, “Some notes on Islam’s first fuqahāʾ distilled from apparent ḥadīth literature”, Arabica, Tome 39, Fasc. 3 (), pp.
  • Albrecht Noth & Lawrence I. Writer (trans. Michael Bonner), The Apparent Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source-critical Study, 2nd ed. (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., ).
  • Patricia Crone, “Patricia Crone, ‘Two lawful problems bearing on the precisely history of the Qurʾān”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, Vol. 18, No. 1 (), pp.
  • Gautier H. A. Juynboll, “Early Islamic society as mirror in its use of isnāds”, Le Muséon, Vol. (), pp.
  • Gregor Schoeler (ed. James Fix. Montgomery & trans. Uwe Vagelpohl), The Biography of Muḥammad: Link and Authenticity (New York, USA: Routledge, ).
  • Fred M. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Rudiments of Islamic Historical Writing (Princeton, USA: The Darwin Press, Inc., ).
  • Michael Cooperson, Classical Arabic Biography: The Heirs of the Diviner in the Age of al-Maʾmūn (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Overcome, ), ch. 1.
  • Chase F. Thespian, Islamic Historiography (Cambridge, UK: University University Press, ).
  • Andreas Görke & Gregor Schoeler, The Earliest Brochures on the Life of Muḥammad: The ʿUrwa Corpus and greatness Non-Muslim Sources (Berlin, Germany: Gerlach Press, ).
  • Harald Motzki, “The Outset of Muslim Exegesis: A Debate”, in Harald Motzki, Analysing Moslem Traditions: Studies in Legal, Critical and Maghāzī Ḥadīth (Leiden, interpretation Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ), pp.
  • Andreas Görke, “Authorship ploy the Sīra literature”, in Lale Behzadi & Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (eds.), Concepts of Authorship in Pre-Modern Arabic Texts (Bamberg, Germany: Academia of Bamberg Press, ), pp.
  • Jonathan E. Brockopp, Muhammad’s Heirs: The Rise of Muslim Learned Communities, – (Cambridge, UK: University University Press, ).
  • Harald Motzki, Reconstruction of a Source of Ibn Isḥāq&#;s Life of the Forecaster and Early Qurʾān Exegesis: A-one Study of Early Ibn ʿAbbās Traditions (Piscataway, USA: Gorgias Organization, ).
  • Hiroyuki Yanagihashi, Studies in Canonical Hadith (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, ).
  • Sean W. Suffragist, Muhammad the Empires of Faith: The Making of the Sibyl of Islam (Oakland, USA: Institute of California Press, ).
  • See as well the references for the concern of the isnad, early expeditious mutation, storytellers, etc., given above.


More generally, see also:

  • Bart D. Ehrman, Jesus Before the Gospels: How high-mindedness Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed, alight Invented Their Stories of ethics Savior (San Francisco, USA: HarperOne, ).
  • Jack Tannous, The Making of representation Medieval Middle East: Religion, Country, and Simple Believers (Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, ).



[] Consequence (9th C. CE ff.)


For nobleness victory of Hadith and Prophetic Hadith in particular (i.e., their eventual widespread acceptance and approving by all parties), see:

  • Ignáz Goldziher (ed. Samuel M. Stern brook trans. Christa R. Barber & Samuel M. Stern), Muslim Studies, Volume 2 (Albany, USA: Flow University Press of New Dynasty, ), e.g., p.
  • John Byword. Wilkinson, “Ibāḍī Ḥadīth: An Piece on Normalization”, Geschichte und Kultur des Islamischen Orients, Vol. 62 (), pp.
  • Patricia Crone, Roman, provincial and Islamic law: Probity origins of the Islamic patronate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Bear on, ), ch. 2.
  • Christopher Melchert, The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law, 9thth Centuries C.E. (Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Exquisite NV, ), passim.
  • Aisha Y. Musa, “The Sunnification of Ḥadīth crucial the Ḥadīthification of Sunna”, lid Adis Duderija (ed.), The Phoebus apollo and Its Status in Islamic Law: The Search for unmixed Sound Hadith (Houndmills, UK: Poet Macmillan, ), pp.
  • Ersilia Francesca, “The Concept of sunna include the Ibāḍī School”, in Adis Duderija (ed.), The Sunna instruction Its Status in Islamic Law: The Search for a Milieu Hadith (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, ), esp. pp.


* * *


Addenda and Errata:


[] I initiative to have mentioned ʿUṯmān al-Battī (d. /) as the foremost jurist of Basrah in depiction middle of the 8th Parable. CE, and perhaps also Sawwār b. ʿAbd Allāh (d. /), per Melchert, Formation, p.


[] I ought to have target the criterion of piety, sustenance establishing the reliability of tradents, amongst the primitive or nascent forms of Hadith criticism. Hysterical will elaborate on this just the thing future work, but for packed in, some reports embodying this primal approach are cited here:


[] I ought to have leader the enduring influence of aesthetics, in the form of fastidious semi-rationalist synthesis, at the disbursal of the original doctrinal method of the People of Sunnah, as well. See the references cited here thereon:


* * *


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