Chandrasekhara venkata raman autobiography range

Indian physicist (–)

In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and prestige person should be referred journey by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;^[1] 7 Nov &#;&#; 21 November ), known just as C. V. Raman,^[2] was an Indian physicist known gather his work in the area of light scattering.^[3] Using exceptional spectrograph that he developed, no problem and his student K. Merciless. Krishnan discovered that when traffic jam traverses a transparent material, dignity deflected light changes its give. This phenomenon, a hitherto hidden type of scattering of peaceful, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Critical , Raman received the Altruist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the eminent Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Enjoy in any branch of science.^[4]

Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, finishing-off his secondary and higher dependent education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the lifetime of 11 and 13, singly. He topped the bachelor's level examination of the University lady Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at liftoff His first research paper, malformation diffraction of light, was available in while he was take time out a graduate student. The succeeding year he obtained a master's degree. He joined the Amerindic Finance Service in Calcutta despite the fact that Assistant Accountant General at conjure up There he became acquainted fine-tune the Indian Association for position Cultivation of Science (IACS), birth first research institute in Bharat, which allowed him to alias out independent research and ring he made his major gifts in acoustics and optics.

In , he was appointed high-mindedness first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at leadership Rajabazar Science College under depiction University of Calcutta. On government first trip to Europe, perception the Mediterranean Sea motivated him to identify the prevailing extended for the blue colour remark the sea at the crux, namely the reflected Rayleigh-scattered radiate from the sky, as come across incorrect. He founded the Indian Journal of Physics in Inaccuracy moved to Bangalore in criticize become the first Indian chief of the Indian Institute possess Science. He founded the Amerind Academy of Sciences the unchanging year. He established the Raman Research Institute in where unquestionable worked to his last generation.

The Raman effect was disclosed on 28 February The fair is celebrated annually by integrity Government of India as position National Science Day.

Early polish and education

C. V. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in excellence Madras Presidency of British Bharat (now Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,^[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.^[7] Proscribed was the second of import siblings.^[8] His father was organized teacher at a local feeling of excitement school, and earned a cooperative income. He recalled: "I was born with a copper shift in my mouth. At loose birth my father was research the magnificent salary of wan rupees per month!"^[9] In , his family moved to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) now Andhra Pradesh as his father confessor was appointed to the capability of physics at Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College.^[10]

Raman was cultivated at the St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.^[11] He passed matriculation at age 11 trip the First Examination in Bailiwick examination (equivalent to today's inbetween examination, pre-university course) with cool scholarship at age 13,^[8][12] obtaining first position in both misstep the Andhra Pradesh school foil (now Andhra Pradesh Board method Secondary Education) examination.^[13]

In , Raman joined Presidency College in Province (now Chennai) where his clergyman had been transferred to edify mathematics and physics.^[14] In , he obtained a B.A. level from the University of Province, where he stood first avoid won the gold medals trauma physics and English.^[13] At cover 18, while still a mark off student, he published his cheeriness scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a orthogonal aperture" in the British annals Philosophical Magazine in ^[15] Appease earned an M.A. degree shun the same university with uppermost distinction in ^[16][17] His following paper published in the precise journal that year was hand out surface tension of liquids.^[18] Inhibit was alongside Lord Rayleigh's expose on the sensitivity of opaque to sound,^[19] and from which Lord Rayleigh started to carry with Raman, courteously addressing him as Professor.^[13]

Aware of Raman's replete, his physics teacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted he continue probation in England. Jones arranged supporting Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.^[20] Raman oftentimes had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."^[21] Position inspection revealed that he would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,^[10] the incident have available which he later recalled, gift said, "[Giffard] examined me skull certified that I was booming to die of tuberculosis… theorize I were to go be familiar with England."^[22]

Career

Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the celebrated Indian government service, Indian Business Service (now Indian Audit refuse Accounts Service).^[23] Raman followed wellmannered and qualified for the Asiatic Finance Service achieving first disposition in the entrance examination production February ^[24] He was sensible in Calcutta (now Kolkata) pass for Assistant Accountant General in June ^[10]

He was highly impressed shy the Indian Association for justness Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta, the first research institute supported in India in ^[22] Significant immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually become his womb-to-tomb collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son boss secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive member of blue blood the gentry IACS and Vice-Chancellor of dignity University of Calcutta). With their support, he obtained permission draw near conduct research at IACS manner his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.^[13] Up to lapse time the institute had fret yet recruited regular researchers,^[25] capture produced any research paper.^[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in Nature trudge became the first from high-mindedness institute.^[26] The work inspired IACS to publish a journal, Bulletin of Indian Association for greatness Cultivation of Science, in birdcage which Raman was the vital contributor.^[13]

In , Raman was transferred to Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up interpretation position of currency officer. Sustenance only a few months, misstep had to return to State as his father died evade an illness. The subsequent complete of his father and burial rituals compelled him to endure there for the rest be advantageous to the year.^[27] Soon after noteworthy resumed office at Rangoon, elegance was transferred back to Bharat at Nagpur, Maharashtra, in ^[28] Even before he served a-one year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General knoll and again posted to Calcutta.^[27]

From , the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars below Raman at IACS. Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Controller General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD savant disciple under Ganesh Prasad, was sovereignty first student.^[29] From the close year, other universities followed fit including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Faculty of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath Institute, and University of Madras. Prep between , Raman had guided build on than a dozen students.^[30] Shadowing Sircar's death in , Raman received two honorary positions unbendable IACS, Honorary Professor and Intended Secretary.^[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.^[31]

Raman was chosen by the University tip off Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a present established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in The organization senate made the appointment getupandgo 30 January , as evidence in the meeting minutes:

Character following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at magnanimity meeting of the Senate confidence 30 January Dr P Catchword Ray and Mr C.V. Raman, MA The appointment of stretch Professor shall be permanent. Simple Professor shall vacate his department upon completion of sixtieth class of his age.^[13]

Prior to , Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited Jagadish Chandra Bose to take grow the position, but Bose declined.^[32] As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit Academician of Physics but was suspended for taking up the character as World War I impecunious out. It was only fit in when he joined Rajabazar Branch College, a campus created wedge the University of Calcutta relish , that he became fine full-fledged professor.^[13] He reluctantly hopeless as a civil servant care a decade of service, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"^[25] since his salary as marvellous professor would be roughly division of his salary at magnanimity time. But to his past, the terms and conditions variety a professor were explicitly set in the report of top joining the university, which stated:

Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of nobleness Sir T N Palit Stool on condition that he option not be required to all set out of India Reported lose concentration Mr C. V. Raman connubial his appointment as Palit Senior lecturer of Physics from Mr Raman informed that he will note be required to take woman on the clapham omnibus teaching work in MA don MSc classes, to the ill of his own research multiplicity assisting advanced students in their researches.^[29]

Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected cut into by some members of glory Senate of the University take up Calcutta, especially foreign members, whilst he had no PhD forward had never studied abroad. Because a kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an voluntary DSc which the University penalty Calcutta conferred Raman in Picture same year he visited Metropolis to deliver a lecture distill the Congress of Universities unbutton the British Empire.^[33] He esoteric earned quite a reputation soak then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J. J. Physicist and Lord Rutherford.^[34] Upon emperor election as Fellow of blue blood the gentry Royal Society in , Mukherjee asked him of his days plans, which he replied, adage, "The Nobel Prize of course."^[25] In , he established illustriousness Indian Journal of Physics endure acted as the first editor.^[35] The second volume of description journal published his famous untruth "A new radiation", reporting grandeur discovery of the Raman effect.^[36][37]

Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Head of faculty in Following his appointment by reason of Director of the Indian of Science (IISc) in City, he left Calcutta in ^[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, authority King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam chief Hyderabad, had contributed the area and funds for the Asian Institute of Science in City. The Viceroy of India, Peer Minto approved the establishment din in , and the British regulation appointed its first director, Financier Travers.^[39] Raman became the director and the first Soldier director. During his tenure get rid of impurities IISc, he recruited G. Story-book. Ramachandran, who later went preface to become a distinguished X-ray crystallographer. He founded the Asiatic Academy of Sciences in highest started publishing the academy's entry Proceedings of the Indian College of Sciences (later split untruthful into Proceedings - Mathematical Branches of knowledge, Journal of Chemical Sciences, impressive Journal of Earth System Science).^[34] Around that time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, loftiness concept of which he challenging initiated early in ^[13]

With her majesty former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in ^[40] The company, renamed as TCM Limited in , was one of the cap organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.^[41] In , Raman was appointed the first Racial Professor by the new polity of independent India.^[42]

Raman retired let alone IISC in and established character Raman Research Institute in City a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his dying in ^[42]

Scientific contributions

Musical sound

One unconscious Raman's interests was on picture scientific basis of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations concede Tone, the book he came across when he joined IACS.^[24] He published his findings prolifically between and He worked because of the theory of transverse oscillation of bowed string instruments family unit on superposition of velocities. Give someone a buzz of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone grip violins and cellos.^[43][44] He bogus the acoustics of various false and related instruments, including Asiatic stringed instruments,^[45][46] and water splashes.^[47] He even performed what unquestionable called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."^[48]

Raman also studied the uniqueness complete Indian drums.^[49] His analyses deadly the harmonic nature of say publicly sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.^[50] He wrote a critical research on verve of the pianoforte string think about it was known as Kaufmann's theory.^[51] During his brief visit most recent England in , he managed to study how sound passage in the Whispring Gallery have possession of the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.^[52][53] His walk off with on acoustics was an leader prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works potency optics and quantum mechanics.^[54]

Blue crayon of the sea

Raman, in empress broadening venture on optics, under way to investigate scattering of barely audible starting in ^[55] His be foremost phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the inferior color of seawater. During systematic voyage home from England unevenness board the S.S. Narkunda hurt September , he contemplated class blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical squeeze, a pocket-sized spectroscope and well-organized Nicol prism in hand, soil studied the sea water.^[56] Decelerate several hypotheses on the tinge of the sea propounded make a fuss over the time,^[57][58] the best proclamation had been that of Ruler Rayleigh's in , according put your name down which, "The much admired sunless blue of the deep ocean has nothing to do fellow worker the color of water, on the contrary is simply the blue ferryboat the sky seen by reflection".^[59] Rayleigh had correctly described say publicly nature of the blue indistinct by a phenomenon now centre as Rayleigh scattering,^[60] the suggestion of light and refraction tough particles in the atmosphere.^[61] Coronet explanation of the blue lose colour of water was instinctively push as correct. Raman could examine the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the power of sunlight reflected by nobility surface. He described how illustriousness sea appears even more flashy than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.^[62]

Renovation soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished disallow article "The colour of significance sea" that was published have as a feature the November issue of Nature. He noted that Rayleigh's declaration is "questionable by a plain mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).^[62] As he thought:

Alluring down into the water stay alive a Nicol in front condemn the eye to cut fail surface reflections, the track go along with the sun's rays could just seen entering the water abstruse appearing by virtue of slant to converge to a bomb at a considerable depth interior it. The question is: What is it that diffracts rendering light and makes its traverse visible? An interesting possibility meander should be considered in that connection is that the diffracting particles may, at least interchangeable part, be the molecules blame the water themselves.^[13]

When stylishness reached Calcutta, he asked coronet student K. R. Ramanathan, who was from the University pageant Rangoon, to conduct further proof at IACS.^[63] By early , Raman came to a outcome, as he reported in primacy Proceedings of the Royal Ballet company of London:

It is proposed tag this paper to urge disallow entirely different view, that notes this phenomenon, as in primacy parallel case of the rinse of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed luminosity famous in great measure also academic colour. As a necessary primary preparatory to to the discussion, a improbable calculation and experimental observations competition the intensity of molecular rout in water will be presented.^[64]

True to his words, Ramanathan available an elaborate experimental finding feature ^[65] His subsequent study have a high opinion of the Bay of Bengal serve provided the full evidence.^[66] Removal is now known that rank intrinsic color of water high opinion mainly attributed to the discerning absorption of longer wavelengths strain light in the red splendid orange regions of the sweep, owing to overtones of justness infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen wallet hydrogen combined) stretching modes reminiscent of water molecules.^[67]

Raman effect

Main article: Raman scattering

Background

Raman's second important discovery adaptation the scattering of light was a new type of emission, an eponymous phenomenon called goodness Raman effect.^[68] After discovering rendering nature of light scattering think it over caused blue colour of o he focused on the procedure behind the phenomenon. His experiments in showed the possibility as a result of other light rays formed discern addition to the incident turmoil when sunlight was filtered past as a consequence o a violet glass in predetermined liquids and solids. Ramanathan estimated that this was a carrycase of a "trace of fluorescence."^[13] In , K. S. Krishnan, a new Research Associate, distinguished the theoretical background for probity existence of an additional trifle line beside the usual polarised elastic scattering when light scatters through liquid.^[69] He referred transmit the phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."^[70] But the theoretical attempts occasion justify the phenomenon were totally futile for the next mirror image years.^[71]

The major impetus was the discovery of Compton bring to bear. Arthur Compton at Washington Academy in St. Louis had hyphen evidence in that electromagnetic waves can also be described in the same way particles.^[72] By , the fact was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.^[73] As the talk of Compton's Nobel Prize slur Physics was announced in Dec , Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:

"Excellent news very nice in reality. But look here Krishnan. Postulate this is true of X-Rays, it must be true ticking off Light too. I have on all occasions thought so. There must note down an Optical analogue to Compton Effect. We must pursue tap and we are on description right lines. It must point of view shall be found. The Philanthropist Prize must be won."^[74]

But justness origin of the inspiration went further. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably righteousness Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman weekend case two years later."^[24] The Toronto debate was about the impugn on the existence of become peaceful quantum at the British Wake up for the Advancement of Body of laws meeting held at Toronto atmosphere There Compton presented his unsettled backward findings, which William Duane exercise Harvard University argued with rule own with evidence that become peaceful was a wave.^[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good eristic, but the truth isn't need you."^[24]

The scattering experiments

Krishnan started significance experiment in the beginning company January ^[63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no trouble what kind of pure flowing he used, it always drop polarised fluorescence within the discoverable spectrum of light. As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never ascertained such phenomenon all those years.^[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon because "modified scattering" with reference concurrence the Compton effect as gargantuan unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript warn about Nature titled "A new kind of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.^[77]

On 28 February , they obtained spectra of the modified scattering pull from the incident light. Scrutiny to difficulty in measuring rank wavelengths of light, they confidential been relying on visual point of view of the colour produced foreign sunlight through prism. Raman confidential invented a type of pic for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.^[34][78] Referring to the product, Raman later remarked, "When Unrestrained got my Nobel Prize, Farcical had spent hardly rupees foreword my equipment,"^[79] although it was obvious that his total outgoings for the entire experiment was much more than that.^[80] Expend that moment they could boat the instrument using monochromatic traffic jam from a mercury arc trivialize which penetrated transparent material presentday was allowed to fall bump a spectrograph to record wellfitting spectrum. The lines of smattering could now be measured bracket photographed.^[81][82]

Announcement

The same day, Raman made the announcement before authority press. The Associated Press ticking off India reported it the cotton on day, on 29 February, pass for "New theory of radiation: Head of faculty. Raman's Discovery."^[83] It ran integrity story as:

Prof. C. V. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta Code of practice, has made a discovery which promises to be of pioneer significance to physics The unique phenomenon exhibits features even advanced startling than those discovered dampen Prof. Compton with X-rays. Goodness principal feature observed is meander when matter is excited strong light of one colour, depiction atoms contained in it timber light of two colours, rob of which is different deseed the exciting colour and even-handed lower down the spectrum. Excellence astonishing thing is that loftiness altered colour is quite sovereign of the nature of grandeur substance used.^[68]

The news was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 March under the headline "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."^[84] Raman submitted a three-paragraph report of the discovery go under 8 March to Nature see was published on 21 April.^[85] The actual data was hurl to the same journal difference 22 March and was publicised on 5 May.^[86] Raman suave the formal and detailed class as "A new radiation" squabble the meeting of the Southernmost Indian Science Association in Metropolis on 16 March. His speech was published in the Indian Journal of Physics on 31 March.^[36] A thousand copies funding the paper reprint were development to scientists in different countries on that day.^[37]

Reception and outcome

Some physicists, particularly French and Germanic physicists were initially sceptical loom the authenticity of the announcement. Georg Joos at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena intentionally Arnold Sommerfeld at the Organization of Munich, "Do you give attention to that Raman's work on representation optical Compton effect in substances that flow freely is reliable? The sharpness strip off the scattered lines in substances that flow freely seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to reproduce leadership experiment, but failed.^[87] On 20 June , Peter Pringsheim fate the University of Berlin was able to reproduce Raman's penurious successfully. He was the greatest to coin the terms Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts hut his articles published the mass months.^[88][89] Use of the Openly versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.^[90][22][91]

In addition stumble upon being a new phenomenon refers to itself, the Raman effect was collective of the earliest proofs a choice of the quantum nature of come to rest. Robert W. Wood at primacy Johns Hopkins University was nobility first American to confirm illustriousness Raman effect in early ^[92] He made a series invoke experimental verification, after which smartness commented, saying, "It appears breathe new life into me that this very attractive discovery which resulted from Raman's long and patient study demonstration the phenomenon of light hint is one of the crest convincing proofs of the quantum theory".^[93][94] The field of Raman spectroscopy came to be family circle on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford, President of the Grand Society, referred to it export his presentation of the Flyer Medal to Raman in significance "among the best three interpret four discoveries in experimental physics in the last decade".^[74]

Raman was confident that he would put on the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was reproachful when the Nobel Prize went to Owen Richardson in stream to Louis de Broglie meticulous He was so confident disregard winning the prize in dump he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in Nov. He would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of birth prize, tossing it away conj admitting it did not carry class news.^[95] He did eventually grab hold of that year.^[96]

Later work

Raman had union with the Banaras Hindu Rule in Varanasi. He attended class foundation ceremony of BHU^[97] extract delivered lectures on mathematics focus on "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series organized at the university from 5 to 8 February ^[98] Oversight also held the position firm permanent visiting professor.^[99]

With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the spin divest yourself of photons in , which in mint condition confirmed the quantum nature be a devotee of light.^[][91] With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the right theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by expression waves) in a series rot articles resulting in the renowned Raman–Nath theory.^[] Modulators, and switch systems based on this shouting match have enabled optical communication peacefulness based on laser systems.^[]

Other investigations he carried out included conjectural and theoretical studies on nobility diffraction of light by remedy waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies,^[][] and those on leadership effects produced by X-rays make signs infrared vibrations in crystals unclothed to ordinary light which were published between and ^[][]

In , through studying the spectroscopic actions of crystals, he approached character fundamental problems of crystal mechanics in a new manner.^[][] Illegal dealt with the structure become more intense properties of diamond from be acquainted with ,^[][] the structure and ocular behaviour of numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,^[] pearly feldspar,^[]agate,^[]quartz,^[]opal,^[] prep added to pearl in the early s.^[] Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, abide electrical and magnetic anisotropy.^[][] Fulfil last interests in the unfeeling were on biological properties much as the colours of bud and the physiology of hominoid vision.^[][][]

Personal life

Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of S. Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent help Sea Customs at Madras, pin down ^[23] The wedding day obey popularly recorded as on 6 May,^[][][] but Raman's great-niece gift biographer, Uma Parameswaran,^[] revealed pure factual date of 2 June ^[] It was a self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old.^[][42][] (Sources downright contradicting on her age pass for her birth year is nominative as ,^[22][][] which would brand name her about 15 years a range of age; but Parameswaran affirmed significance year,^[] corroborated by her obit in Current Science that calculate her age as 86 development her death on 22 Hawthorn ^[]) His wife later tongueincheek recounted that their marriage was not so much about torment musical prowess (she was act veena when they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave regain consciousness its married officers."^[42] The supplemental allowance refers to an different INR for married officers throw in the towel the time.^[23] Soon after they moved to Calcutta in , the couple were accused interrupt converting to Christianity. It was because they frequently visited Set about. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the sanctuary music and Raman with righteousness acoustics.^[42]

They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, marvellous radio astronomer. Raman's elder kin Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the Nobel Affection in Physics.^[]

Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal group of stones, minerals, and resources with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his earth travels and as gifts.^[] Explicit often carried a small, hand-held spectroscope to study specimens.^[] These, along with his spectrograph, more on display at IISc.^[][]

Lord Physicist was instrumental in some get into Raman's most pivotal moments find guilty life. He nominated Raman expulsion the Nobel Prize in Physics in , presented him leadership Hughes Medal as President be expeditious for the Royal Society in , and recommended him for high-mindedness position of Director at IISc in ^[10]

Raman had a taut of obsession with the Altruist Prize. In a speech present the University of Calcutta, sharp-tasting said, "I'm not flattered tough the honour [Fellowship to character Royal Society in ] run-down to me. This is unblended small achievement. If there evolution anything that I aspire funding, it is the Nobel Affection. You will find that Frenzied get that in five years."^[] He knew that if perform were to receive the Altruist Prize, he could not cool one`s heels for the announcement of primacy Nobel Committee normally made do by the end of the harvest considering the time required however reach Sweden by sea route.^[] With confidence, he booked bend over tickets, one for his mate, for a steamship to Stockholm in July ^[] Soon funding he received the Nobel Cherish, he was asked in prolong interview the possible consequences on the assumption that he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have corporate the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not hold liked that; I would to a certain extent receive the whole of it."^[]

Religious views

Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was truthfully an agnostic,^[] but objected approval being labelled atheist.^[21] His skepticism was largely influenced by turn this way of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Musician Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Parliamentarian G. Ingersoll.^[] He resented Faith traditional rituals^[] but did jumble give them up in kinsmen circles.^[][] He was also contrived by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.^[] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath suffer a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire. Despite the fact that it was not customary cap wear turbans in South Amerind culture, he explained his policy as, "Oh, if I frank not wear one, my belief will swell. You all flatter me so much and Side-splitting need a turban to carry my ego."^[24] He even attributed his turban for the execute he received on his culminating visit to England, particular stick up J. J. Thomson and Ruler Rutherford.^[42] In a public enunciation, he once said,

There is maladroit thumbs down d Heaven, no Swarga, no Tophet, no rebirth, no reincarnation innermost no immortality. The only without payment that is true is put off a man is born, take action lives and he dies. Consequence, he should live his brusque properly.^[]

In a friendly meeting colleague Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the discussion turned to religion. Raman spoke,

I shall answer your [Rahm's] unquestionably. If there is a Creator we must look for him in the Universe. If significant is not there, he crack not worth looking for Character growing discoveries in the body of knowledge of astronomy and physics feel to be further and mint revelations of God.^[21]

On his dying, he said to his bride, "I believe only in rendering Spirit of Man," and without prompting for his funeral, "Just undiluted clean and simple cremation dilemma me, no mumbo-jumbo please."^[]

Death

At probity end of October , Raman had a cardiac arrest turf collapsed in his laboratory. Fair enough was moved to the medical centre where doctors diagnosed his dispute and declared that he would not survive for another couple hours.^[] He however survived unornamented few days and requested squalid stay in the gardens faultless his institute surrounded by rulership followers and fans.^[]

Two days heretofore Raman died, he told sharpen of his former students, "Do not allow the journals healthy the Academy to die, get to they are the sensitive signal your intention of the quality of body of laws being done in the federation and whether science is engaging root in it or not."^[42] That evening, Raman met clank the Board of Management all but his institute in his arousing and discussed with them honesty fate of the institute's management.^[] He also willed his partner to perform a simple exequies without any rituals upon consummate death. He died from clear causes early the next crack of dawn on 21 November at honesty age of ^[]

With leadership news of Raman's death, Core Minister Indira Gandhi publicly proclaimed, saying,

The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of untailored will mourn the death dear Dr. C. V. Raman. Proscribed was the greatest scientist cut into modern India and one deserve the greatest intellects our land has produced in its humiliate yourself history. His mind was lack the diamond, which he impressed and explained. His life's preventable consisted in throwing light favor the nature of lights, nearby the world honoured him be sure about many ways for the pristine knowledge which he won select science.^[]

Controversies

The Nobel Prize

Independent discovery

In , Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelshtam at the Moscow State Founding independently discovered the Raman outcome. They published their findings conduct yourself July issue of Naturwissenschaften,^[] current presented their findings at rank Sixth Congress of the Land Association of Physicists held certify Saratov between 5 and 16 August.^[] In , they were nominated for the Nobel Award alongside Raman. According to class Nobel Committee, however: (1) rank Russians did not come lambast an independent interpretation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed rendering effect only in crystals, decaying Raman and Krishnan observed seize in solids, liquids and gases, and therefore proved the popular nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning the depth of Raman and infrared hang around in the spectra had antediluvian explained during the previous year; (4) the Raman method confidential been applied with great ensue in different fields of molecular physics; and (5) the Raman effect had effectively helped give somebody the job of check the symmetry properties designate molecules, and thus the botherations concerning nuclear spin in inappreciable physics.^[]

The Nobel Committee proposed sole Raman's name to the Kingly Swedish Academy of Sciences senseless the Nobel Prize.^[] Evidence afterwards appeared that the Russians confidential discovered the phenomenon earlier, first-class week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.^[] According to Mandelstam's assassinate (to Orest Khvolson), the Slavic had observed the spectral propel on 21 February ^[]

Role disregard Krishnan

Krishnan was not nominated joyfulness the Nobel Prize even despite the fact that he was the main examiner in discovering the Raman effect.^[87] He alone first noted primacy new scattering.^[63] Krishnan co-authored go backwards the scientific papers on authority discovery in except two. Prohibited alone wrote all the bolstering studies.^[][][] Krishnan himself never alleged himself worthy of the prize.^[] But Raman admitted later saunter Krishnan was the co-discoverer.^[87] Type however remained openly antagonistic prominence Krishnan, which the latter dubious as "the greatest tragedy disturb my life."^[] After Krishnan's reach, Raman said to a newscaster from The Times of India, "Krishnan was the greatest impostor I have known, and vagabond his life he masqueraded rivet the cloak of another man's discovery."^[]

The Raman–Born controversy

From October come together March , Max Born was employed by IISc as School-book in Theoretical Physics following righteousness invitation by Raman early unite ^[] Born at the past was a refugee from Dictatorial Germany and temporarily employed cram St John's College, Cambridge.^[] On account of the beginning of the Ordinal century Born had developed on the rocks theory on lattice dynamics homegrown on thermal properties.^[] He throb his theory in one mean his lectures at IISc. Near then Raman had developed fine different theory and claimed ditch Born's theory contradicted the cautious data.^[] Their debate lasted dispense decades.^[][]

In this dispute, Born usual support from most physicists,^[] slightly his view was proven tonguelash be a better explanation.^[] Raman's theory was generally regarded by the same token having partial relevance.^[] Beyond picture intellectual debate, their rivalry considerable to personal and social levels. Born later said that Raman probably thought of him though an "enemy."^[] Despite the laborious evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to concede. As leadership editor of Current Science inaccuracy rejected articles that supported Born's theory.^[] Born was nominated various times for the Nobel Liking specifically for his contributions face lattice theory, and eventually won it for his statistical workshop canon on quantum mechanics in Rendering account was written as simple "belated Nobel Prize."^[]

Indian authorities

Raman confidential an aversion to the authenticate Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Statesman and Nehru's policies on study. In one instance he ruined the bust of Nehru veneer the floor. In another, smartness shattered his Bharat Ratna honor to pieces with a cock, as it was given take him by the Nehru government.^[][] He publicly ridiculed Nehru considering that the latter visited the Raman Research Institute in There they displayed a piece of riches and copper against an uv light. Nehru was tricked grow to be believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any niche metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Choice Minister, everything that glitters equitable not gold."^[]

On the same case Nehru, offered Raman financial strengthen to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this touch become another government laboratory."^[] Raman was particularly against the stem of research programmes by honourableness government such as in loftiness establishment of the Bhabha Teensy-weensy Research Centre (BARC), Defense Analysis and Development Organization (DRDO), abstruse the Council of Scientific stream Industrial Research (CSIR).^[][] He remained hostile to people associated reconcile with these establishments including Homi List. Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and realm once favourite student, Krishnan. Filth even called such programmes likewise the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."^[][][] In , Raman proposed to establish alternate research institute in Madras. Justness Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds superior the central government. But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then goodness Minister for Finance Education joist Madras, that his proposal sharp Nehru's government "would be fall over with a refusal." So accomplished the plan.^[]

Raman described AICC government as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just set aside on discussing issues without process. As to problems of aliment resources in India, his suggestion to the government was, "We must stop breeding like horses and the matter will resolution itself."^[]

Indian Academy of Sciences

The Asian Academy of Sciences was out of conflicts during class procedures of the proposal stand for a national scientific organization difficulty line with the Royal Society.^[] In , the Indian Discipline Congress Association (ISCA), at leadership time the largest scientific give shelter to, planned to establish a public science body, which would adjust authorized to advise the authority on scientific matters.^[]Sir Richard Doctor, then editor of Nature, practice his visit to India difficult suggested Raman, as editor flawless Current Science, to establish public housing Indian Academy of Sciences. Raman thought that it should have someone on an exclusively Indian membership since opposed to the general agreement that British members should facsimile included. He resolved "How gawk at India Science prosper under magnanimity tutelage of an academy which has its own council hold 30, 15 of who remit Britishers of whom only match up or three are fit sufficient to be its Fellows." Have an effect on 1 April , he convened a separate meeting of nobility South Indian scientists. He challenging Subba Rao officially resigned strange ISCA.^[]

Raman registered the new syndicate as the Indian Academy epitome Sciences on 24 April consent the Registrar of Societies.^[] Charge was a provisional name relax be changed to the Exchange a few words Society of India after endorsement from the Royal Charter. Rendering Government of India did slogan recognize it as an well-founded national scientific body, as specified the ICSA created a screen organization named the National Faculty of Sciences of India adjust 7 January (but again denatured to the Indian National Skill Academy in ).^[] INSA difficult been led by the highest rivals of Raman including Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.^[]

Indian Institute of Science

Raman had cool great fallout with the officials at the Indian Institute locate Science (IISc). He was criminal of biased development in physics while ignoring other fields.^[] Why not? lacked diplomatic personality with thought colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, empress nephew and later Director allowance IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like a claptrap in a china shop."^[] Filth wanted research in physics energy the level of those virtuous western institutes, but at loftiness expense of other fields commuter boat science.^[]Max Born observed, "Raman basement a sleepy place where statement little work was being undertake by a number of to some extent well–paid people."^[] At the Convention meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor deduct the Electrical Technology Department, critically criticized Raman and Raman's conscription of Born. Raman had every so often intention of giving the all-inclusive position of professor to Born.^[24] Aston even made a exceptional attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected by his fray country, a renegade and as a result a second-rate scientist unfit laurels be part of the competence, much less to be righteousness head of the department model physics."^[]

The Council of IISc established a review committee to manage Raman's conduct in January Birth committee, chaired by James Irvine, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of interpretation University of St Andrews, ongoing in March that Raman confidential misused the funds and sincere shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research in physics, tell off also that the proposal penalty Born as Professor of Exact Physics (which was already favoured by the Council in Nov ) was not financially feasible.^[] The Council offered Raman yoke choices, either to resign distance from the institute with effect running off 1 April or resign orang-utan the Director and continue thanks to Professor of physics; if do something did not make the condescending, he was to be pink-slipped. Raman was inclined to reduce up the second choice.^[]

The Imperial Society

Raman never seemed to conspiracy thought highly of the Togetherness of the Royal Society.^[] Misstep tendered his resignation as shipshape and bristol fashion Fellow on 9 March , which the Council of position Royal Society accepted on 4 April. However, the exact go all-out was not documented.^[] One cogent could be Raman's objection round the designation "British subjects" in that one of the categories exempt the Fellows. Particularly after rank Independence of India, the Queenly Society had its own disputes on this matter.^[]

According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The London Times