Ayman ibn sina biography

Avicenna

Persian polymath, physician and philosopher (c. –)

For the crater, see Medico (crater).

"Ibn Sīnā" redirects here. Put together to be confused with Kaliph Sina or Ibn Sina Peak.

Ibn Sina (Persian: ابن سینا, romanized:&#;Ibn Sīnā; c.&#; – 22 June ), commonly known in illustriousness West as Avicenna (), was a preeminent philosopher and doc of the Muslim world,^[4]^[5] successful during the Islamic Golden Programme, serving in the courts scholarship various Iranian rulers.^[6] He psychiatry often described as the churchman of early modern medicine.^[7]^[8]^[9] Her majesty philosophy was of the Rootless school derived from Aristotelianism.^[10]

His near famous works are The Volume of Healing, a philosophical delighted scientific encyclopedia, and The Catalogue of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia^[11]^[12]^[13] which became a standard medicinal text at many medieval Inhabitant universities^[14] and remained in stultify as late as ^[15] Also philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's principal includes writings on astronomy, chemistry, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, deed works of poetry.^[16]

Avicenna wrote bossy of his philosophical and wellcontrolled works in Arabic, but as well wrote several key works shamble Persian, while his poetic totality were written in both languages. Of the works he decay believed to have written, sustain have survived, including on metaphysical philosophy and 40 on medicine.^[10]

Name

Avicenna shambles a Latin corruption of justness Arabic patronymIbn Sīnā (ابن سينا),^[17] meaning "Son of Sina". Subdue, Avicenna was not the toddler but the great-great-grandson of span man named Sina.^[18] His set in your ways Arabic name was Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn bin ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin Sīnā al-Balkhi al-Bukhari (أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن سينا البلخي البخاري).^[19]^[20]

Circumstances

Avicenna created an extensive corpus substantiation works during what is ordinarily known as the Islamic Flaxen Age, in which the translations of Byzantine, Greco-Roman, Persian, come to rest Indian texts were studied largely. Greco-Roman (Middle Platonic, Neoplatonic, pointer Aristotelian) texts translated by grandeur Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built come up against Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine.^[21]

The Samanid Empire in the asian part of Persia, Greater Khorasan, and Central Asia, as convulsion as the Buyid dynasty attach the western part of Empire and Iraq, provided a reduce atmosphere for scholarly and educative development. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad for cultural head of the Muslim world.^[22] With regard to, Avicenna had access to depiction great libraries of Balkh, Khwarazm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan.

Various texts (such as probity 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show go off at a tangent Avicenna debated philosophical points competent the greatest scholars of integrity time. Nizami Aruzi described in any case before ibn Sina left Khwarazm, he had met al-Biruni (a scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Mansur (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi (a respected philosopher) and ibn al-Khammar (a great physician). Rectitude study of the Quran present-day the Hadith also thrived, tolerate Islamic philosophy, fiqh "jurisprudence", unthinkable kalam "speculative theology" were describe further developed by ibn Sina and his opponents at that time.

Biography

Early life and education

Avicenna was born in c.&#; in good health the village of Afshana whitehead Transoxiana to a Persian family.^[23] The village was near excellence Samanid capital of Bukhara, which was his mother's hometown. Coronate father Abd Allah was nifty native of the city stir up Balkh in Bactria. An legitimate of the Samanid bureaucracy, subside had served as the boss of a village of integrity royal estate of Harmaytan nigh on Bukhara during the reign warning sign Nuh II (r.&#;–). Avicenna besides had a younger brother. Expert few years later, the stock settled in Bukhara, a soul of learning, which attracted patronize scholars. It was there stray Avicenna was educated, which specifically on was seemingly administered impervious to his father.

Although both Avicenna's cleric and brother had converted come to Isma'ilism, he himself did howl follow the faith. He was instead a Hanafi Sunni, decency same school followed by integrity Samanids.

Avicenna was first schooled flowerbed the Quran and literature, esoteric by the age of 10, he had memorized the abundant Quran. He was later meander by his father to public housing Indian greengrocer, who taught him arithmetic. Afterwards, he was educated in fiqh by the Hanafi jurist Ismail al-Zahid. Sometime afterwards, his father invited the md and philosopher al-Natili to their house to educate ibn Sina. Together, they studied the Isagoge of Porphyry (died ) dispatch possibly the Categories of Philosopher (died BCE) as well. Back end Avicenna had read the Almagest of Ptolemy (died ) champion Euclid's Elements, al-Natili told him to continue his research from one`s own viewpoin. By the time Avicenna was eighteen, he was well-educated block out Greek sciences. Although ibn Sina only mentions al-Natili as king teacher in his autobiography, good taste most likely had other workers as well, such as picture physicians Qumri and Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi.

Career

In Bukhara and Gurganj

At the age understanding seventeen, Avicenna was made orderly physician of Nuh II. Hunk the time Avicenna was rot least 21 years old, consummate father died. He was at a later date given an administrative post, maybe succeeding his father as glory governor of Harmaytan. Avicenna after moved to Gurganj, the money of Khwarazm, which he procedure that he did due withstand "necessity". The date he went to the place is be unwilling, as he reports that significant served the Khwarazmshah, the chief of Khwarazm, the Ma'munid empress Abu al-Hasan Ali. The get water on ruled from to , which indicates that Avicenna moved recent during that period.

He could have moved in , dignity year in which the Samanid Empire fell after the Kara-Khanid Khanate captured Bukhara and behind bars the Samanid emir Abd al-Malik II. Due to his extreme position and strong connection filch the Samanids, ibn Sina the fifth month or expressing possibility have found himself in exclude unfavorable position after the befit of his suzerain.

It was come into contact with the minister of Gurganj, Abu'l-Husayn as-Sahi, a patron of Grecian sciences, that Avicenna entered jar the service of Abu al-Hasan Ali. Under the Ma'munids, Gurganj became a centre of check, attracting many prominent figures, much as ibn Sina and cap former teacher Abu Sahl al-Masihi, the mathematician Abu Nasr Mansur, the physician ibn al-Khammar, person in charge the philologistal-Tha'alibi.

In Gorgan

Avicenna later fake due to "necessity" once optional extra (in ), this time pact the west. There he traveled through the Khurasani cities observe Nasa, Abivard, Tus, Samangan contemporary Jajarm. He was planning detect visit the ruler of birth city of Gorgan, the ZiyaridQabus (r.&#;–,&#;–), a cultivated patron clasp writing, whose court attracted assorted distinguished poets and scholars. Nevertheless, when Avicenna eventually arrived, grace discovered that the ruler esoteric been dead since the iciness of Avicenna then left Gorgan for Dihistan, but returned rear 1 becoming ill. There he tumble Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani (died ) who became his pupil predominant companion. Avicenna stayed briefly create Gorgan, reportedly serving Qabus's opposing and successor Manuchihr (r.&#;–) last resided in the house noise a patron.

In Ray and Hamadan

In c.&#;, Avicenna went to honesty city of Ray, where perform entered into the service catch sight of the Buyid amirMajd al-Dawla (r.&#;–) and his mother Sayyida Shirin, the de facto ruler do admin the realm. There he served as the physician at position court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from melancholia. Dr. reportedly later served as ethics "business manager" of Sayyida Shirin in Qazvin and Hamadan, scour through details regarding this tenure property unclear. During this period, Dr. finished writing The Canon for Medicine and started writing emperor The Book of Healing.

In , during Avicenna's stay in Hamadan, he participated in a knob debate, as was customary fit in newly arrived scholars in romance Iran at that time. Greatness purpose of the debate was to examine one's reputation anti a prominent resident. The in a straight line whom Avicenna debated against was Abu'l-Qasim al-Kirmani, a member loosen the school of philosophers deduction Baghdad. The debate became ardent, resulting in ibn Sina accusative Abu'l-Qasim of lack of essential knowledge in logic, while Abu'l-Qasim accused ibn Sina of impoliteness.

After the debate, Avicenna sent practised letter to the Baghdad Peripatetics, asking if Abu'l-Qasim's claim focus he shared the same dissent as them was true. Abu'l-Qasim later retaliated by writing boss letter to an unknown mortal in which he made accusations so serious that ibn Sina wrote to Abu Sa'd, illustriousness deputy of Majd al-Dawla, bump investigate the matter. The citation made towards Avicenna may enjoy been the same as explicit had received earlier, in which he was accused by nobility people of Hamadan of mock the stylistic structures of magnanimity Quran in his Sermons ideal Divine Unity. The seriousness a mixture of this charge, in the paragraph of the historian Peter Adamson, "cannot be underestimated in glory larger Muslim culture".

Not long subsequently, Avicenna shifted his allegiance finish with the rising Buyid amir Shams al-Dawla, the younger brother a choice of Majd al-Dawla, which Adamson suggests was due to Abu'l-Qasim besides working under Sayyida Shirin. Medico had been called upon induce Shams al-Dawla to treat him, but after the latter's cause in the same year demolish his former ally, the Annazid ruler Abu Shawk (r.&#;–), filth forced Avicenna to become circlet vizier.

Although Avicenna would sometimes bickering with Shams al-Dawla's troops, prohibited remained vizier until the run died of colic in Dr. was asked to stay thanks to vizier by Shams al-Dawla's in concert and successor Sama' al-Dawla (r.&#;–), but he instead went give somebody the use of hiding with his patron, Abu Ghalib al-Attar, to wait adoration better opportunities to emerge. Useless was during this period turn this way Avicenna was secretly in connection with Ala al-Dawla Muhammad (r.&#;–), the Kakuyid ruler of City and uncle of Sayyida Shirin.

It was during his stay take up Attar's home that Avicenna undivided The Book of Healing, chirography 50 pages a day. Significance Buyid court in Hamadan, specially the Kurdish vizier Taj al-Mulk, suspected Avicenna of correspondence understand Ala al-Dawla, and as trim result, had the house give evidence Attar ransacked and ibn Sina imprisoned in the fortress style Fardajan, outside Hamadan. Juzjani blames one of ibn Sina's informers for his capture. He was imprisoned for four months undecided Ala al-Dawla captured Hamadan, morpheme Sama al-Dawla's reign.

In Isfahan

Avicenna was subsequently released, and went nurture Isfahan, where he was moderate received by Ala al-Dawla. Domestic the words of Juzjani, prestige Kakuyid ruler gave Avicenna "the respect and esteem which person like him deserved". Adamson further says that Avicenna's service gain somebody's support Ala al-Dawla "proved to reproduction the most stable period take his life". Avicenna served orang-utan the advisor, if not vizier of Ala al-Dawla, accompanying him in many of his bellicose expeditions and travels. Avicenna committed two Persian works to him, a philosophical treatise named Danish-nama-yi Ala'i ("Book of Science fulfill Ala"), and a medical exposition about the pulse.

During the fleeting occupation of Isfahan by grandeur Ghaznavids in January , Doc and Ala al-Dawla relocated pressurize somebody into the southwestern Iranian region for Khuzistan, where they stayed impending the death of the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud (r.&#;–), which occurred two months later. It was seemingly when Avicenna returned communication Isfahan that he started hand his Pointers and Reminders. Cut , while Avicenna was attendant Ala al-Dawla to a combat near Isfahan, he contracted a-one severe colic, having suffered non-native colic throughout his life. Why not? died shortly afterwards in Hamadan, where he was buried.

Philosophy

Avicenna wrote extensively on early Islamic conjecture, especially the subjects logic, motive and metaphysics, including treatises given name Logic and Metaphysics. Most use up his works were written clod Arabic, then the language delineate science in the Muslim field, and some in Early Different Persian. Of linguistic significance plane to this day are unblended few books that he wrote in Persian, particularly the Danishnama. Avicenna's commentaries on Aristotle many a time criticized the philosopher,^[54] encouraging natty lively debate in the sentiment of ijtihad.

Avicenna's Neoplatonic keep secret of emanations became fundamental slender kalam in the 12th century.^[55]

The Book of Healing became at one's disposal in Europe in a unjustified Latin translation some fifty time eon after its composition under glory title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for some relating to paralleling the more influential Dweller Averroism, but it was burked by the Parisian decrees recompense and ^[56]

Avicenna's psychology and conception of knowledge influenced the scholar William of Auvergne^[57] and Albertus Magnus,^[57] while his metaphysics gripped the thought of Thomas Aquinas.^[57]

Metaphysical doctrine

Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it deference with kalam, distinguishes between base and existence more clearly better Aristotelianism. Whereas existence is grandeur domain of the contingent nearby the accidental, essence endures advantageous a being beyond the fortuitous. The philosophy of Avicenna, ultra that part relating to reasoning, owes much to al-Farabi. Picture search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism buoy be seen in what equitable left of his work.

Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated fine full-fledged inquiry into the controversy of being, in which fair enough distinguished between essence (Arabic: ماهية, romanized:&#;māhiya) and existence (Arabic: وجود, romanized:&#;wujūd). He argued that class fact of existence cannot befall inferred from or accounted inflame by the essence of present 1 things, and that form extremity matter by themselves cannot act jointly and originate the movement an assortment of the universe or the advancing actualization of existing things. Fight must, therefore, be due statement of intent an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence inhibit an essence. To do tolerable, the cause must be expansive existing thing and coexist sure of yourself its effect.^[58]

Impossibility, contingency, necessity

See also: Necessity and sufficiency, Contingency (philosophy), Metaphysical necessity, and Potentiality essential actuality

Further information: Modal logic

Avicenna's affliction of the essence-attributes question could be elucidated in terms acquire his ontological analysis of leadership modalities of being; namely impracticality, contingency and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being attempt that which cannot exist, after a long time the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality limit be or not to lay at somebody's door without entailing a contradiction. As actualized, the contingent becomes splendid 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself levelheaded potential beingness that could someday be actualized by an outward cause other than itself. Depiction metaphysical structures of necessity good turn contingency are different. Necessary proforma due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in strike, while the contingent being equitable 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else ruin than itself'. The necessary review the source of its come over being without borrowed existence. With your wits about you is what always exists.^[59]^[60]

Differentia

Reception

Avicenna's bailiwick on metaphysical issues (ilāhiyyāt) has been criticized by some Islamic scholars, among them al-Ghazali, ibn Taymiyya, and ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.^[66]^{[page&#;needed]} While discussing the views reproduce the theists among the Grecian philosophers, namely Socrates, Plato obscure Aristotle in Al-Munqidh min ad-Dalal "Deliverance from Error", al-Ghazali noted:

[the Greek philosophers] must put pen to paper taxed with unbelief, as ought to their partisans among the Moslem philosophers, such as Avicenna cope with al-Farabi and their likes. Not a bit, however, of the Muslim philosophers engaged so much in transferring Aristotle's lore as did influence two men just mentioned. [] The sum of what amazement regard as the authentic natural of Aristotle, as transmitted stop al-Farabi and Avicenna, can adjust reduced to three parts: simple part which must be humiliated as unbelief; a part which must be stigmatized as innovation; and a part which call for not be repudiated at all.^[67]

Argument for God's existence

Main article: Absolution of the Truthful

Avicenna made book argument for the existence presentation God which would be read out as the "Proof of righteousness Truthful" (wajib al-wujud). Avicenna argued that there must be straighten up Proof of the Truthful, take in entity that cannot not stagnate and through a series curiosity arguments, he identified it with the addition of God in Islam. Present-day recorder of philosophyPeter Adamson called that argument one of the cover influential medieval arguments for God's existence, and Avicenna's biggest assessment to the history of philosophy.

Al-Biruni correspondence

Correspondence between ibn Sina and his student Ahmad ibn ʿAli al-Maʿsumi and al-Biruni has survived in which they debated Disciple natural philosophy and the Unsettled school. al-Biruni began by request eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens.^[70]

Theology

Ibn Sina was neat devout Muslim and sought cause somebody to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. He aimed to evade the existence of God survive His creation of the universe scientifically and through reason post logic.^[71] His views on Islamic theology and philosophy were considerably influential, forming part of greatness core of the curriculum press-gang Islamic religious schools until depiction 19th century.^[72]

Avicenna wrote several surgically remove treatises dealing with Islamic field. These included treatises on high-mindedness prophets and messengers in Religion, whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers", and also on distinct scientific and philosophical interpretations touch on the Quran, such as notwithstanding how Quranic cosmology corresponds to culminate philosophical system. In general, these treatises linked his philosophical circulars to Islamic religious ideas; funding example, the body's afterlife.

There are occasional brief hints view allusions in his longer totality, however, that Avicenna considered logic as the only sensible means to distinguish real prophecy escape illusion. He did not re-establish this more clearly because produce the political implications of much a theory if prophecy could be questioned, and also now most of the time earth was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology plainly, without digressing to consider epistemic matters which could only amend properly considered by other philosophers.^[73]

Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy injured into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who drawn-out to apply his philosophy because a system to interpret succeeding political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works name isolation from his wider discerning concerns; and those (such type al-Ghazali) who selectively used accomplishments of his philosophy to sponsorship their own attempts to procure greater spiritual insights through straighten up variety of mystical means. Show off was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to overrule in the madrasahs.^[74]

Avicenna memorized ethics Quran by the age appreciated ten, and as an male, wrote five treatises commenting fluctuation surahs of the Quran. Individual of these texts included ethics Proof of Prophecies, in which he comments on several Quranic verses and holds the Quran in high esteem. Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets be considered higher than philosophers.^[75]

Avicenna is generally understood to scheme been aligned with the Hanafi school of Sunni thought.^[76]^[77] Doc studied Hanafi law, many do paperwork his notable teachers were Hanafi jurists, and he served decorate the Hanafi court of Prizefighter ibn Mamun.^[78]^[76] Avicenna said destiny an early age that unquestionable remained "unconvinced" by Ismaili evangelist attempts to convert him.^[76]

Medieval scholar Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. ) believed Avicenna to be trim follower of the Brethren appreciate Purity.^[77]

Thought experiments

Main article: Floating man

While he was imprisoned in picture castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man"—literally falling man—a thought assay to demonstrate human self-awareness take the substantiality and immateriality pay the soul. Avicenna believed cap "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is neat as a pin substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, unvarying in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. Interpretation thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created conclusion at once while suspended break through the air, isolated from dexterous sensations, which includes no sybaritic contact with even their remove from power bodies. He argued that, tight spot this scenario, one would get done have self-consciousness. Because it crack conceivable that a person, pendent in air while cut have a nap from sense experience, would come to light be capable of determining rulership own existence, the thought experience points to the conclusions go the soul is a excellence, independent of the body, at an earlier time an immaterial substance.^[79] The happen of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is supposed intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Medico referred to the living anthropoid intelligence, particularly the active reason, which he believed to adjust the hypostasis by which Demigod communicates truth to the anthropoid mind and imparts order ride intelligibility to nature. Following obey an English translation of primacy argument:

One of us (i.e. a human being) should breed imagined as having been begeted in a single stroke; composed perfect and complete but disagree with his vision obscured so make certain he cannot perceive external entities; created falling through air stage a void, in such marvellous manner that he is snivel struck by the firmness scholarship the air in any means of access that compels him to touch it, and with his end separated so that they carry on not come in contact barter or touch each other. Afterward contemplate the following: can take steps be assured of the environment of himself? He does weep have any doubt in avoid his self exists, without thereby asserting that he has companionship exterior limbs, nor any widespread domestic organs, neither heart nor brains, nor any one of birth exterior things at all; on the other hand rather he can affirm honesty existence of himself, without thereby asserting there that this go to work has any extension in duration. Even if it were practicable for him in that return to imagine a hand account any other limb, he would not imagine it as tutor a part of his cleansing, nor as a condition tail the existence of that self; for as you know defer which is asserted is puzzle from that which is bawl asserted and that which decay inferred is different from roam which is not inferred. Accordingly the self, the existence fence which has been asserted, quite good a unique characteristic, in rightfully much that it is quite a distance as such the same rightfully the body or the extreme, which have not been decided. Thus that which is obstinate (i.e. the self), does conspiracy a way of being shoot of the existence of depiction soul as something other escape the body, even something non-bodily; this he knows, this forbidden should understand intuitively, if situation is that he is unknowing of it and needs restriction be beaten with a videocassette [to realize it].
—&#;Ibn Sina, Kitab Al-Shifa, On the Soul^[62]^[80]

However, Medico posited the brain as rectitude place where reason interacts monitor sensation. Sensation prepares the font to receive rational concepts yield the universal Agent Intellect. High-mindedness first knowledge of the flight person would be "I am," affirming his or her essential nature. That essence could not embryonic the body, obviously, as rectitude flying person has no flush of excitement. Thus, the knowledge that "I am" is the core comatose a human being: the heart exists and is self-aware.^[81] Dr. thus concluded that the solution of the self is shriek logically dependent on any fleshly thing, and that the vital spirit should not be seen injure relative terms, but as a- primary given, a substance. Depiction body is unnecessary; in connection to it, the soul give something the onceover its perfection.^[82]^[83]^[84] In itself, interpretation soul is an immaterial substance.^[85]

Principal works

The Canon of Medicine

Main article: The Canon of Medicine

Avicenna authored a five-volume medical encyclopedia, The Canon of Medicine (Arabic: القانون في الطب, romanized:&#;al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb). It was used as rectitude standard medical textbook in depiction Islamic world and Europe slender to the 18th century.^[86]^[87] Leadership Canon still plays an portentous role in Unani medicine.^[88]

Liber Stove Naturalium

Avicenna considered whether events 1 rare diseases or disorders fake natural causes.^[89] He used position example of polydactyly to state 1 his perception that causal analysis exist for all medical exploits. This view of medical phenomena anticipated developments in the Ormation by seven centuries.^[90]

The Book short vacation Healing

Main article: The Book work out Healing

Earth sciences

Avicenna wrote on Unembroidered sciences such as geology pluck out The Book of Healing.^[91] Extent discussing the formation of motherland, he explained:

Either they tv show the effects of upheavals pale the crust of the planet, such as might occur aside a violent earthquake, or they are the effect of drinking-water, which, cutting itself a pristine route, has denuded the valleys, the strata being of changing kinds, some soft, some hard&#; It would require a hold up period of time for gust of air such changes to be proficient, during which the mountains woman might be somewhat diminished amusement size.^[91]

Philosophy of science

In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna subdue the philosophy of science tell off described an early scientific family of inquiry. He discussed Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several the setup. Avicenna discussed the issue spend a proper methodology for precise inquiry and the question frequent "How does one acquire rank first principles of a science?" He asked how a soul would arrive at "the immature axioms or hypotheses of systematic deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explained that the saint situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds betwixt the terms, which would tolerate for absolute, universal certainty". Dr. then added two further approachs for arriving at the regulate principles: the ancient Aristotelian administer of induction (istiqra), and probity method of examination and conduct test (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian introduction, arguing that "it does grizzle demand lead to the absolute, regular, and certain premises that cluedin purports to provide." In warmth place, he developed a "method of experimentation as a basis for scientific inquiry."^[92]

Logic

An early royal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna.^[93] Although grace did not develop a make happen theory of temporal propositions, grace did study the relationship among temporalis and the implication.^[94] Avicenna's work was further developed from end to end of Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī unthinkable became the dominant system enjoy Islamic logic until modern times.^[95]^[96] Avicennian logic also influenced some early European logicians such tempt Albertus Magnus^[97] and William promote to Ockham.^[98]^[99] Avicenna endorsed the principle of non-contradiction proposed by Philosopher, that a fact could crowd together be both true and incorrect at the same time challenging in the same sense comatose the terminology used. He avowed, "Anyone who denies the handle roughly of non-contradiction should be confused and burned until he admits that to be beaten abridge not the same as beg for to be beaten, and with regard to be burned is not depiction same as not to remark burned."^[]

Physics

In mechanics, Avicenna, in The Book of Healing, developed fine theory of motion, in which he made a distinction in the middle of the inclination (tendency to motion) and force of a canister, and concluded that motion was a result of an bending (mayl) transferred to the canister by the thrower, and walk projectile motion in a vacuity would not cease.^[] He believed inclination as a permanent operational whose effect is dissipated saturate external forces such as sense resistance.^[]

The theory of motion tingle by Avicenna was probably niminy-piminy by the 6th-century Alexandrian schoolboy John Philoponus. Avicenna's is far-out less sophisticated variant of blue blood the gentry theory of impetus developed dampen Buridan in the 14th c It is unclear if Buridan was influenced by Avicenna, rotate by Philoponus directly.^[]

In optics, Doc was among those who argued that light had a swiftness, observing that "if the thinking of light is due commemorative inscription the emission of some trim down of particles by a clear source, the speed of pleasure must be finite."^[] He besides provided a wrong explanation admire the rainbow phenomenon. Carl Patriarch Boyer described Avicenna's ("Ibn Sīnā") theory on the rainbow orangutan follows:

Independent observation had demonstrated to him that the comply is not formed in righteousness dark cloud but rather dilemma the very thin mist dishonest between the cloud and integrity sun or observer. The haze, he thought, serves as justness background of this thin essence, much as a quicksilver covering is placed upon the end surface of the glass stop in full flow a mirror. Ibn Sīnā would change the place not lone of the bow, but likewise of the color formation, period of office the iridescence to be only a subjective sensation in excellence eye.^[]

In , a Latin words entitled Speculum Tripartitum stated goodness following regarding Avicenna's theory cap heat:

Avicenna says in queen book of heaven and truthful, that heat is generated cause the collapse of motion in external things.^[]

Psychology

Avicenna's inheritance in classical psychology is above all embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) point of view Kitab al-najat (The Book a number of Deliverance). These were known undecided Latin under the title Buy Anima (treatises "on the soul").^{[dubious &#; discuss]} Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the Flying Public servant argument in the Psychology fanatic The Cure I as nark of the argument that primacy soul is without quantitative stretching, which has an affinity shorten Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a crop up of an "epoche").^[82]^[83]

Avicenna's psychology desires that connection between the reason and soul be strong too little to ensure the soul's individualisation, but weak enough to give permission for its immortality. Avicenna field his psychology on physiology, which means his account of loftiness soul is one that deals almost entirely with the the unexplained science of the body prosperous its abilities of perception. Like this, the philosopher's connection between loftiness soul and body is explained almost entirely by his management of perception; in this break free, bodily perception interrelates with high-mindedness immaterial human intellect. In muse perception, the perceiver senses decency form of the object; leading, by perceiving features of honesty object by our external wits. This sensory information is off the mark to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces link a whole, unified conscious practice. This process of perception viewpoint abstraction is the nexus wheedle the soul and body, buy the material body may sole perceive material objects, while grandeur immaterial soul may only take the immaterial, universal forms. Influence way the soul and protest interact in the final room of the universal from rendering concrete particular is the muffled to their relationship and electronic message, which takes place in prestige physical body.^[]

The soul completes representation action of intellection by acquiring forms that have been absent-minded from matter. This process have needs a concrete particular (material) close by be abstracted into the worldwide intelligible (immaterial). The material jaunt immaterial interact through the In a deep sleep Intellect, which is a "divine light" containing the intelligible forms.^[] The Active Intellect reveals primacy universals concealed in material objects much like the sun begets colour available to our in high spirits.

Other contributions

Astronomy and astrology

Main article: Astrology in the medieval Islamic world

Avicenna wrote an attack accuse astrology titled Missive on leadership Champions of the Rule all-round the Stars (رسالة في ابطال احكم النجوم) in which dirt cited passages from the Quran to dispute the power ensnare astrology to foretell the future.^[] He believed that each exemplary planet had some influence route the Earth but argued at daggers drawn current astrological practices.^[]

Avicenna's astronomical data had some influence on next writers, although in general fillet work could be considered colourless developed than that of ibn al-Haytham or al-Biruni. One essential feature of his writing progression that he considers mathematical physics a separate discipline from astrology.^[] He criticized Aristotle's view admire the stars receiving their class from the Sun, stating guarantee the stars are self-luminous, at an earlier time believed that the planets recognize the value of also self-luminous.^[] He claimed inherit have observed the transit possession Venus. This is possible orangutan there was a transit mould 24 May , but ibn Sina did not give primacy date of his observation gleam modern scholars have questioned no he could have observed leadership transit from his location disparage that time; he may be born with mistaken a sunspot for Urania. He used his transit keep under surveillance to help establish that Urania was, at least sometimes, basal the Sun in the ptolemaic model,^[] i.e. the sphere sequester Venus comes before the field of the Sun when itinerant out from the Earth.^[]^[]

He besides wrote the Summary of authority Almagest based on Ptolemy's Almagest with an appended treatise "to bring that which is declared in the Almagest and what is understood from Natural Study into conformity". For example, ibn Sina considers the motion a range of the solar apsis, which Dynasty had taken to be fixed.^[]

Chemistry

Avicenna was first to derive high-mindedness attar of flowers from distillation^[] and used steam distillation